Nutritional Biochemistry Flashcards
The distinguishing feature of kwashiorkor
fluid retention, leading to edema, and fatty infiltration of the liver
Marasmus affects which age groups?
Adults and children
State of extreme emaciation; outcome of prolonged negative energy balance.
Marasmus
True or False:
Marasmus results to wastage of muscle as well, and progression may lead to loss of protein from the heart, liver, and kidneys.
True
Soluble dietary fibers
Pectin B-glucan Gums Inulin Mucilages
An endoglycosidase that hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds in a polysaccharide chain
Amylase
This product of partial digestion of starch in the GIT contains 1, 6 alpha glycosidic bond
dextrin
This hydrolyzes dextrins to oligosaccharides in the small intestine
Pancreatic amylase
Oligosaccharide produced via hydrolysis by pancreatic amylase on dextrins
Limit dextrin
Trisaccharide maltotriose and disaccharides
− Maltose
− Isomaltose - 2 glucosyl units with 1,6 glycosidic bonds)
− Lactose
− Sucrose
Oligosaccharide with 4 to 9 glucosyl units and 1 or more alpha 1, 6 branches
Limit dextrin
cleaves alpha 1,4 linkage of maltose to two glucoses
Alpha glycosidase (cleaves from non-reducing ends)
Cleaves alpha 1,6 linkages of branched oligosaccharides
Alpha dextrinase
____ are a portion of diet that is resistant to digestion by human digestives enzymes
Dietary fibers
Insoluble dietary fibers
Cellulose
hemi cellulose
lignin
Benefits from dietary fibers include the ff, EXCEPT:
A. Decrease bowel motility
B. Delay gastric emptying by giving the sensation of fullness
C. Lowers cholesterol by increasing fecal bile acid excretion
D. NOTA
A. should be increased motility
intestinal injury c/o gastroenteritis, excessive alcohol consumption, and protein malnutrition can result to this intolerance
lactose intolerance
Fructose absorbed via facilitative diffusion via ___
GLUT 5
Glucose and galactose are transported into small intestine absorptive epithelial cells by protein-mediated ____ transporter
Na+ dependent glucose active transport (via SGLT 1 transporters)
T/F:
Facilitative Glucose Transporters are located on luminal sides of a cell ONLY
FALSE!!! serosal and luminal for Facilitative Glucose Transport
Human erythrocytes and Blood barrier uses which Isoform of the Glucose Transport Proteins?
GLUT 1
A high capacity, low affinity GLUT transporter
GLUT 2
Major GLUT transporter in the CNS
GLUT 3
GLUT transporter that may be used as the glucose sensor in the pancreas
GLUT 2
GLUT transporter for
Spermatozoa
GLUT 5
the mono and disaccharide that have the highest glycemic indices
Glucose and Maltose
The major form of lipid in the diet
TAG
Small intestine hormone that causes release of bile acids from gallbladder and digestives enzymes from pancreas
CCK
Small intestine hormone that signals liver, pancreas and certain intestinal cells to secrete bicarbonate, which raises pH
Secretin
This relieves inhibition by bile salts and allow TAG to enter active site of lipase
Colipase
Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes TAG at positions:
1 and 3
Pancreatic enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield FAs and lysophospholipid
Phospholipase A2
Where in the small intestine are bile salts reabsorbed?
ileum
chylomicrons are secreted into chyle of lymphatic system and enter blood through which structure?
thoracic duct
_______ chain FAs do not require bile salts
Short and medium
Apoproteins acquired by chylomicrons from HDL for maturity
ApoCII and ApoE
_______ hydrolyzes fatty acids in TAG
Lipoprotein lipase
Apoprotein that activates lipoprotein lipase in endothelial cells of capillaries of muscle and adipose tissues
ApoCII
The major apoprotein in chylomicrons is:
B-48
They are the first enzymes to act on peptide bonds, yielding a larger number of smaller fragments
Endopeptidases
This gastric secretion Denatures protein causing unfolding to be better substrates for proteases
HCl
Cells that secreted HCl and Pepsinogen respectively
HCl
▪ Secreted by parietal cells
Pepsinogen
▪ Secreted by chief cells
Pepsin acting as endopeptidase tends to cleave bonds in which carboxyl group is provided by an ____ amino acids
aromatic or acidic
This intestinal protease requires activation by enteropeptidase (known before as enterokinase)
Trypsin
The most specific endopeptidase (cleaves at R and K)
Trypsin
This less specific endopeptidase that favors residues with hydrophobic amino acids
Chymotrypsin
amino acids with small chains that provide bonds with carboxyl group that are cleaved by Elastase
G A S
Carboxypeptidase that preferentially releases hydrophobic amino acids
Carboxypeptidase A
Kcal/g of Carbs and Protein
4
Kcal/g of fat
9
Kcal/g of alcohol
7
DEE (kcal/day) =
Daily Energy expenditure = RMR + energy for physical activity + DIT
This represents energy required to maintain life
RMR
50% to 70% of DEE of sedentary individual is attributable to ___
RMR
A 70 kg man is for estimation of RMR. Hence, you computed:
1,680
= 24 kcal/day/kg multiplied to body weight in kg (70)
A sedentary individual only contributes __-__% in DEE
30% to 50%
Hourly Activity Factor for Heavy activities
7
Hourly Activity Factor for Moderate activities
5
Hourly Activity Factor for Light activities
2.5
Hourly Activity Factor for Very light activities
1.5
Hourly Activity Factor for Resting activities
1
This is formerly called specific dynamic action (SDA)
DIT or TEF
DIET INDUCED THERMOGENESIS (DIT) or Thermic effect of food (TEF)
Overweight or preobese range in BMI
25.5 and 29.9
BMI below 18.5 is considered
underweight
macronutrient with the least portion in ACCEPTABLE MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION RANGES (AMDR)
Protein (10-15%)
Nitrogen balance in a person in recovery from protein loss
Positive Nitrogen balance
Nitrogen balance in a pregnant woman
Positive Nitrogen balance
Patient in acute trauma and infection is expected to have which nitrogen balance?
Negative nitrogen balance
This estimates the amount of nutrients required to prevent deficiencies and maintain optimal health and growth
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRI)
DRI that equals EAR plus 2 std deviation of mean
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
This is the DRI equivalent to daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)
DRI equivalent to the average daily dietary intake level of a nutrient necessary to meet the requirement of nearly (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular gender and life stage group
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
DRI based on estimates of nutrient intake by a group / groups of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate
Adequate Intake (AI)
the highest average daily nutrient intake level that will pose no risk of adverse health effects to most individuals in the population
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Malnutrition Stage when there is body tissue and organ malfunction
3
Malnutrition Stage when there changes occur in the level of nutrients in blood and tissues
1
Malnutrition Stage when there are changes in level of enzymes and hormones
2
Symptons of illness/ disease or death will occur in which Malnutrition Stage?
4
T/F:
Obesity after puberty results to both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells
False:
Obesity after puberty = hypertrophy only
Obesity BEFORE puberty
→ hyperplasia and hypertrophy
These are adipocyte phosphoprotein which binds to TAG, regulates accessibility of lipases to TAG (dec during obesity)
Perilipins
Hormone that functions for satiety (dec during obesity)
Leptin
Hormone level that falls during obesity causing reduced FAs oxidation
Adiponectin
This are more useful indicator of nutritional status and best to determine subclinical nutritional deficiencies which can be treated before clinical deficiencies ensue
Biochemical assays
These are the least stringent and reliable ASSESSMENT tool OF MALNUTRITION which are usually based on 24-hour recall
Dietary Intake studies
Assessment of malnutrition with the most stringent criterion, although not desirable to rely on since prevention of deficiency state is better than to treat the actual deficiency state
Appearance of deficiency symptoms or signs
Extreme form of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) that occurs when diet is starchy, poor in protein affecting children ONLY
KWASHIORKOR
These are very common triggers of the development of Kwashiorkor
oxidant stress due to infection
This (in relation to Cys) is aimed to be decreased in pregnant women to lower risk for heart disease
Homocysteine
Polymorphism is due to ___ substitution in gene ___ determines individual response to inadequate folate intake
C – T C – T substitution in gene 5,10 methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)
Response to inadequate folate intake can be decreased by the substitution of this valine for ___
alanine
Nutrigenomics studies on the effects of dietary nutrients on cellular gene expression and, ultimately, phenotypic changes in living organisms.
Nutritional transcriptomics
Vitamins and compound important for Nutritional epigenetics:
folate, vitamin B12, choline, and methionine
Tool used for meal planning, diet instruction and estimating the energy and macronutrient content of normal and therapeutic diets
Food Exchange List
Specialized or tailored diets for specific clinical condition when diet planning is very important
Therapeutic diets
DBW (in Kg) = Height in centimeter- 100
= deduct 10% if for Filipino Stature
Tannhauser’s (Broca) Method
This gives the closest approximation of the desirable BMI as well as the midpoint of FNRI’s range of reference weights
Nutritionist-Dietitians’ Association of the Philippines (NDAP) Formula
Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a sedentary person
weight in kg x 30
Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a moderately active person
Wt in kg x 40
Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a person with daily light activities
Wt in kg x 35
Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a person in Bed rest but mobile (hospitalized patients)
Wt in kg x 27.5
Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a very active person
Wt in kg x 45
Formula to get individual % distribution for CHO
Total Energy Allowance (TEA) x 0.65
Formula to get individual % distribution for proteins
Total Energy Allowance (TEA) x 0.15
Formula to get individual % distribution for fats
Total Energy Allowance (TEA) x 0.20