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BIOCHEMISTRY MED1 > Nutritional Biochemistry > Flashcards

Nutritional Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The distinguishing feature of kwashiorkor

A

fluid retention, leading to edema, and fatty infiltration of the liver

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2
Q

Marasmus affects which age groups?

A

Adults and children

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3
Q

State of extreme emaciation; outcome of prolonged negative energy balance.

A

Marasmus

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4
Q

True or False:
Marasmus results to wastage of muscle as well, and progression may lead to loss of protein from the heart, liver, and kidneys.

A

True

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5
Q

Soluble dietary fibers

A 
Pectin
B-glucan
Gums
Inulin
Mucilages
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6
Q

An endoglycosidase that hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds in a polysaccharide chain

A

Amylase

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7
Q

This product of partial digestion of starch in the GIT contains 1, 6 alpha glycosidic bond

A

dextrin

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8
Q

This hydrolyzes dextrins to oligosaccharides in the small intestine

A

Pancreatic amylase

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9
Q

Oligosaccharide produced via hydrolysis by pancreatic amylase on dextrins

A

Limit dextrin
Trisaccharide maltotriose and disaccharides
− Maltose
− Isomaltose - 2 glucosyl units with 1,6 glycosidic bonds)
− Lactose
− Sucrose

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10
Q

Oligosaccharide with 4 to 9 glucosyl units and 1 or more alpha 1, 6 branches

A

Limit dextrin

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11
Q

cleaves alpha 1,4 linkage of maltose to two glucoses

A

Alpha glycosidase (cleaves from non-reducing ends)

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12
Q

Cleaves alpha 1,6 linkages of branched oligosaccharides

A

Alpha dextrinase

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13
Q

____ are a portion of diet that is resistant to digestion by human digestives enzymes

A

Dietary fibers

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14
Q

Insoluble dietary fibers

A

Cellulose
hemi cellulose
lignin

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15
Q

Benefits from dietary fibers include the ff, EXCEPT:
A. Decrease bowel motility
B. Delay gastric emptying by giving the sensation of fullness
C. Lowers cholesterol by increasing fecal bile acid excretion
D. NOTA

A

A. should be increased motility

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16
Q

intestinal injury c/o gastroenteritis, excessive alcohol consumption, and protein malnutrition can result to this intolerance

A

lactose intolerance

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17
Q

Fructose absorbed via facilitative diffusion via ___

A

GLUT 5

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18
Q

Glucose and galactose are transported into small intestine absorptive epithelial cells by protein-mediated ____ transporter

A

Na+ dependent glucose active transport (via SGLT 1 transporters)

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19
Q

T/F:

Facilitative Glucose Transporters are located on luminal sides of a cell ONLY

A

FALSE!!! serosal and luminal for Facilitative Glucose Transport

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20
Q

Human erythrocytes and Blood barrier uses which Isoform of the Glucose Transport Proteins?

A

GLUT 1

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21
Q

A high capacity, low affinity GLUT transporter

A

GLUT 2

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22
Q

Major GLUT transporter in the CNS

A

GLUT 3

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23
Q

GLUT transporter that may be used as the glucose sensor in the pancreas

A

GLUT 2

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24
Q

GLUT transporter for

Spermatozoa

A

GLUT 5

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25
Q

the mono and disaccharide that have the highest glycemic indices

A

Glucose and Maltose

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26
Q

The major form of lipid in the diet

A

TAG

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27
Q

Small intestine hormone that causes release of bile acids from gallbladder and digestives enzymes from pancreas

A

CCK

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28
Q

Small intestine hormone that signals liver, pancreas and certain intestinal cells to secrete bicarbonate, which raises pH

A

Secretin

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29
Q

This relieves inhibition by bile salts and allow TAG to enter active site of lipase

A

Colipase

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30
Q

Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes TAG at positions:

A

1 and 3

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31
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield FAs and lysophospholipid

A

Phospholipase A2

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32
Q

Where in the small intestine are bile salts reabsorbed?

A

ileum

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33
Q

chylomicrons are secreted into chyle of lymphatic system and enter blood through which structure?

A

thoracic duct

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34
Q

_______ chain FAs do not require bile salts

A

Short and medium

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35
Q

Apoproteins acquired by chylomicrons from HDL for maturity

A

ApoCII and ApoE

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36
Q

_______ hydrolyzes fatty acids in TAG

A

Lipoprotein lipase

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37
Q

Apoprotein that activates lipoprotein lipase in endothelial cells of capillaries of muscle and adipose tissues

A

ApoCII

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38
Q

The major apoprotein in chylomicrons is:

A

B-48

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39
Q

They are the first enzymes to act on peptide bonds, yielding a larger number of smaller fragments

A

Endopeptidases

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40
Q

This gastric secretion Denatures protein causing unfolding to be better substrates for proteases

A

HCl

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41
Q

Cells that secreted HCl and Pepsinogen respectively

A

HCl
▪ Secreted by parietal cells

Pepsinogen
▪ Secreted by chief cells

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42
Q

Pepsin acting as endopeptidase tends to cleave bonds in which carboxyl group is provided by an ____ amino acids

A

aromatic or acidic

43
Q

This intestinal protease requires activation by enteropeptidase (known before as enterokinase)

A

Trypsin

44
Q

The most specific endopeptidase (cleaves at R and K)

A

Trypsin

45
Q

This less specific endopeptidase that favors residues with hydrophobic amino acids

A

Chymotrypsin

46
Q

amino acids with small chains that provide bonds with carboxyl group that are cleaved by Elastase

A

G A S

47
Q

Carboxypeptidase that preferentially releases hydrophobic amino acids

A

Carboxypeptidase A

48
Q

Kcal/g of Carbs and Protein

A

4

49
Q

Kcal/g of fat

A

9

50
Q

Kcal/g of alcohol

A

7

51
Q

DEE (kcal/day) =

A

Daily Energy expenditure = RMR + energy for physical activity + DIT

52
Q

This represents energy required to maintain life

A

RMR

53
Q

50% to 70% of DEE of sedentary individual is attributable to ___

A

RMR

54
Q

A 70 kg man is for estimation of RMR. Hence, you computed:

A

1,680

= 24 kcal/day/kg multiplied to body weight in kg (70)

55
Q

A sedentary individual only contributes __-__% in DEE

A

30% to 50%

56
Q

Hourly Activity Factor for Heavy activities

A

7

57
Q

Hourly Activity Factor for Moderate activities

A

5

58
Q

Hourly Activity Factor for Light activities

A

2.5

59
Q

Hourly Activity Factor for Very light activities

A

1.5

60
Q

Hourly Activity Factor for Resting activities

A

1

61
Q

This is formerly called specific dynamic action (SDA)

A

DIT or TEF

DIET INDUCED THERMOGENESIS (DIT) or Thermic effect of food (TEF)

62
Q

Overweight or preobese range in BMI

A

25.5 and 29.9

63
Q

BMI below 18.5 is considered

A

underweight

64
Q

macronutrient with the least portion in ACCEPTABLE MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION RANGES (AMDR)

A

Protein (10-15%)

65
Q

Nitrogen balance in a person in recovery from protein loss

A

Positive Nitrogen balance

66
Q

Nitrogen balance in a pregnant woman

A

Positive Nitrogen balance

67
Q

Patient in acute trauma and infection is expected to have which nitrogen balance?

A

Negative nitrogen balance

68
Q

This estimates the amount of nutrients required to prevent deficiencies and maintain optimal health and growth

A

DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRI)

69
Q

DRI that equals EAR plus 2 std deviation of mean

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

70
Q

This is the DRI equivalent to daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

A

Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)

71
Q

DRI equivalent to the average daily dietary intake level of a nutrient necessary to meet the requirement of nearly (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular gender and life stage group

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

72
Q

DRI based on estimates of nutrient intake by a group / groups of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate

A

Adequate Intake (AI)

73
Q

the highest average daily nutrient intake level that will pose no risk of adverse health effects to most individuals in the population

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

74
Q

Malnutrition Stage when there is body tissue and organ malfunction

A

3

75
Q

Malnutrition Stage when there changes occur in the level of nutrients in blood and tissues

A

1

76
Q

Malnutrition Stage when there are changes in level of enzymes and hormones

A

2

77
Q

Symptons of illness/ disease or death will occur in which Malnutrition Stage?

A

4

78
Q

T/F:

Obesity after puberty results to both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells

A

False:
Obesity after puberty = hypertrophy only

Obesity BEFORE puberty
→ hyperplasia and hypertrophy

79
Q

These are adipocyte phosphoprotein which binds to TAG, regulates accessibility of lipases to TAG (dec during obesity)

A

Perilipins

80
Q

Hormone that functions for satiety (dec during obesity)

A

Leptin

81
Q

Hormone level that falls during obesity causing reduced FAs oxidation

A

Adiponectin

82
Q

This are more useful indicator of nutritional status and best to determine subclinical nutritional deficiencies which can be treated before clinical deficiencies ensue

A

Biochemical assays

83
Q

These are the least stringent and reliable ASSESSMENT tool OF MALNUTRITION which are usually based on 24-hour recall

A

Dietary Intake studies

84
Q

Assessment of malnutrition with the most stringent criterion, although not desirable to rely on since prevention of deficiency state is better than to treat the actual deficiency state

A

Appearance of deficiency symptoms or signs

85
Q

Extreme form of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) that occurs when diet is starchy, poor in protein affecting children ONLY

A

KWASHIORKOR

86
Q

These are very common triggers of the development of Kwashiorkor

A

oxidant stress due to infection

87
Q

This (in relation to Cys) is aimed to be decreased in pregnant women to lower risk for heart disease

A

Homocysteine

88
Q

Polymorphism is due to ___ substitution in gene ___ determines individual response to inadequate folate intake

A

C – T C – T substitution in gene 5,10 methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)

89
Q

Response to inadequate folate intake can be decreased by the substitution of this valine for ___

A

alanine

90
Q

Nutrigenomics studies on the effects of dietary nutrients on cellular gene expression and, ultimately, phenotypic changes in living organisms.

A

Nutritional transcriptomics

91
Q

Vitamins and compound important for Nutritional epigenetics:

A

folate, vitamin B12, choline, and methionine

92
Q

Tool used for meal planning, diet instruction and estimating the energy and macronutrient content of normal and therapeutic diets

A

Food Exchange List

93
Q

Specialized or tailored diets for specific clinical condition when diet planning is very important

A

Therapeutic diets

94
Q

DBW (in Kg) = Height in centimeter- 100

= deduct 10% if for Filipino Stature

A

Tannhauser’s (Broca) Method

95
Q

This gives the closest approximation of the desirable BMI as well as the midpoint of FNRI’s range of reference weights

A

Nutritionist-Dietitians’ Association of the Philippines (NDAP) Formula

96
Q

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a sedentary person

A

weight in kg x 30

97
Q

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a moderately active person

A

Wt in kg x 40

98
Q

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a person with daily light activities

A

Wt in kg x 35

99
Q

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a person in Bed rest but mobile (hospitalized patients)

A

Wt in kg x 27.5

100
Q

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a very active person

A

Wt in kg x 45

101
Q

Formula to get individual % distribution for CHO

A

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) x 0.65

102
Q

Formula to get individual % distribution for proteins

A

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) x 0.15

103
Q

Formula to get individual % distribution for fats

A

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) x 0.20

BIOCHEMISTRY MED1 (6 decks)

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