Nutritional Biochemistry Flashcards by Venice Camille Patricio

The distinguishing feature of kwashiorkor

fluid retention, leading to edema, and fatty infiltration of the liver

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Marasmus affects which age groups?

Adults and children

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State of extreme emaciation; outcome of prolonged negative energy balance.

Marasmus

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True or False:
Marasmus results to wastage of muscle as well, and progression may lead to loss of protein from the heart, liver, and kidneys.

True

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Soluble dietary fibers

Pectin
B-glucan
Gums
Inulin
Mucilages

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An endoglycosidase that hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds in a polysaccharide chain

Amylase

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This product of partial digestion of starch in the GIT contains 1, 6 alpha glycosidic bond

dextrin

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This hydrolyzes dextrins to oligosaccharides in the small intestine

Pancreatic amylase

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Oligosaccharide produced via hydrolysis by pancreatic amylase on dextrins

Limit dextrin
Trisaccharide maltotriose and disaccharides
− Maltose
− Isomaltose - 2 glucosyl units with 1,6 glycosidic bonds)
− Lactose
− Sucrose

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Oligosaccharide with 4 to 9 glucosyl units and 1 or more alpha 1, 6 branches

Limit dextrin

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cleaves alpha 1,4 linkage of maltose to two glucoses

Alpha glycosidase (cleaves from non-reducing ends)

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Cleaves alpha 1,6 linkages of branched oligosaccharides

Alpha dextrinase

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____ are a portion of diet that is resistant to digestion by human digestives enzymes

Dietary fibers

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Insoluble dietary fibers

Cellulose
hemi cellulose
lignin

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Benefits from dietary fibers include the ff, EXCEPT:
A. Decrease bowel motility
B. Delay gastric emptying by giving the sensation of fullness
C. Lowers cholesterol by increasing fecal bile acid excretion
D. NOTA

A. should be increased motility

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intestinal injury c/o gastroenteritis, excessive alcohol consumption, and protein malnutrition can result to this intolerance

lactose intolerance

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Fructose absorbed via facilitative diffusion via ___

GLUT 5

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Glucose and galactose are transported into small intestine absorptive epithelial cells by protein-mediated ____ transporter

Na+ dependent glucose active transport (via SGLT 1 transporters)

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T/F:

Facilitative Glucose Transporters are located on luminal sides of a cell ONLY

FALSE!!! serosal and luminal for Facilitative Glucose Transport

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Human erythrocytes and Blood barrier uses which Isoform of the Glucose Transport Proteins?

GLUT 1

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A high capacity, low affinity GLUT transporter

GLUT 2

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Major GLUT transporter in the CNS

GLUT 3

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GLUT transporter that may be used as the glucose sensor in the pancreas

GLUT 2

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GLUT transporter for

Spermatozoa

GLUT 5

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the mono and disaccharide that have the highest glycemic indices

Glucose and Maltose

The major form of lipid in the diet

TAG

Small intestine hormone that causes release of bile acids from gallbladder and digestives enzymes from pancreas

CCK

Small intestine hormone that signals liver, pancreas and certain intestinal cells to secrete bicarbonate, which raises pH

Secretin

This relieves inhibition by bile salts and allow TAG to enter active site of lipase

Colipase

Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes TAG at positions:

1 and 3

Pancreatic enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield FAs and lysophospholipid

Phospholipase A2

Where in the small intestine are bile salts reabsorbed?

ileum

chylomicrons are secreted into chyle of lymphatic system and enter blood through which structure?

thoracic duct

_______ chain FAs do not require bile salts

Short and medium

Apoproteins acquired by chylomicrons from HDL for maturity

ApoCII and ApoE

_______ hydrolyzes fatty acids in TAG

Lipoprotein lipase

Apoprotein that activates lipoprotein lipase in endothelial cells of capillaries of muscle and adipose tissues

ApoCII

The major apoprotein in chylomicrons is:

B-48

They are the first enzymes to act on peptide bonds, yielding a larger number of smaller fragments

Endopeptidases

This gastric secretion Denatures protein causing unfolding to be better substrates for proteases

HCl

Cells that secreted HCl and Pepsinogen respectively

HCl ▪ Secreted by parietal cells Pepsinogen ▪ Secreted by chief cells

Pepsin acting as endopeptidase tends to cleave bonds in which carboxyl group is provided by an ____ amino acids

aromatic or acidic

This intestinal protease requires activation by enteropeptidase (known before as enterokinase)

Trypsin

The most specific endopeptidase (cleaves at R and K)

Trypsin

This less specific endopeptidase that favors residues with hydrophobic amino acids

Chymotrypsin

amino acids with small chains that provide bonds with carboxyl group that are cleaved by Elastase

G A S

Carboxypeptidase that preferentially releases hydrophobic amino acids

Carboxypeptidase A

Kcal/g of Carbs and Protein

Kcal/g of fat

Kcal/g of alcohol

DEE (kcal/day) =

Daily Energy expenditure = RMR + energy for physical activity + DIT

This represents energy required to maintain life

RMR

50% to 70% of DEE of sedentary individual is attributable to ___

RMR

A 70 kg man is for estimation of RMR. Hence, you computed:

1,680 | = 24 kcal/day/kg multiplied to body weight in kg (70)

A sedentary individual only contributes __-__% in DEE

30% to 50%

Hourly Activity Factor for Heavy activities

Hourly Activity Factor for Moderate activities

Hourly Activity Factor for Light activities

2.5

Hourly Activity Factor for Very light activities

1.5

Hourly Activity Factor for Resting activities

This is formerly called specific dynamic action (SDA)

DIT or TEF DIET INDUCED THERMOGENESIS (DIT) or Thermic effect of food (TEF)

Overweight or preobese range in BMI

25.5 and 29.9

BMI below 18.5 is considered

underweight

macronutrient with the least portion in ACCEPTABLE MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION RANGES (AMDR)

Protein (10-15%)

Nitrogen balance in a person in recovery from protein loss

Positive Nitrogen balance

Nitrogen balance in a pregnant woman

Positive Nitrogen balance

Patient in acute trauma and infection is expected to have which nitrogen balance?

Negative nitrogen balance

This estimates the amount of nutrients required to prevent deficiencies and maintain optimal health and growth

DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES (DRI)

DRI that equals EAR plus 2 std deviation of mean

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

This is the DRI equivalent to daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)

DRI equivalent to the average daily dietary intake level of a nutrient necessary to meet the requirement of nearly (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular gender and life stage group

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

DRI based on estimates of nutrient intake by a group / groups of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate

Adequate Intake (AI)

the highest average daily nutrient intake level that will pose no risk of adverse health effects to most individuals in the population

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

Malnutrition Stage when there is body tissue and organ malfunction

Malnutrition Stage when there changes occur in the level of nutrients in blood and tissues

Malnutrition Stage when there are changes in level of enzymes and hormones

Symptons of illness/ disease or death will occur in which Malnutrition Stage?

T/F: | Obesity after puberty results to both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells

False: Obesity after puberty = hypertrophy only Obesity BEFORE puberty → hyperplasia and hypertrophy

These are adipocyte phosphoprotein which binds to TAG, regulates accessibility of lipases to TAG (dec during obesity)

Perilipins

Hormone that functions for satiety (dec during obesity)

Leptin

Hormone level that falls during obesity causing reduced FAs oxidation

Adiponectin

This are more useful indicator of nutritional status and best to determine subclinical nutritional deficiencies which can be treated before clinical deficiencies ensue

Biochemical assays

These are the least stringent and reliable ASSESSMENT tool OF MALNUTRITION which are usually based on 24-hour recall

Dietary Intake studies

Assessment of malnutrition with the most stringent criterion, although not desirable to rely on since prevention of deficiency state is better than to treat the actual deficiency state

Appearance of deficiency symptoms or signs

Extreme form of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) that occurs when diet is starchy, poor in protein affecting children ONLY

KWASHIORKOR

These are very common triggers of the development of Kwashiorkor

oxidant stress due to infection

This (in relation to Cys) is aimed to be decreased in pregnant women to lower risk for heart disease

Homocysteine

Polymorphism is due to ___ substitution in gene ___ determines individual response to inadequate folate intake

C – T C – T substitution in gene 5,10 methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)

Response to inadequate folate intake can be decreased by the substitution of this valine for ___

alanine

Nutrigenomics studies on the effects of dietary nutrients on cellular gene expression and, ultimately, phenotypic changes in living organisms.

Nutritional transcriptomics

Vitamins and compound important for Nutritional epigenetics:

folate, vitamin B12, choline, and methionine

Tool used for meal planning, diet instruction and estimating the energy and macronutrient content of normal and therapeutic diets

Food Exchange List

Specialized or tailored diets for specific clinical condition when diet planning is very important

Therapeutic diets

DBW (in Kg) = Height in centimeter- 100 | = deduct 10% if for Filipino Stature

Tannhauser’s (Broca) Method

This gives the closest approximation of the desirable BMI as well as the midpoint of FNRI’s range of reference weights

Nutritionist-Dietitians' Association of the Philippines (NDAP) Formula

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a sedentary person

weight in kg x 30

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a moderately active person

Wt in kg x 40

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a person with daily light activities

Wt in kg x 35

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a person in Bed rest but mobile (hospitalized patients)

Wt in kg x 27.5

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) of a very active person

Wt in kg x 45

Formula to get individual % distribution for CHO

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) x 0.65

Formula to get individual % distribution for proteins

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) x 0.15

Formula to get individual % distribution for fats

Total Energy Allowance (TEA) x 0.20