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RD Exam > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

VITAMIN C FUNCTIONS

A
  1. ENHANCES NON-HEME IRON ABSOPTION
  2. ANTIOXIDANT
  3. CHANGES PROLINE INTO HYDROXYPROLINE INTO COLLAGEN
  4. WOUND HEALING
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2
Q

VITAMIN C SOURCES

A

CITRUS FRUITS, BROCCOLI, BRUSSEL’S SPROUTS, TOMATOES, STRAWBERRIES, CABBAGE, RED AND GREEN PEPPERS, MELONS, GUAVA, BAKED POTATOES, PAPAYA, MANGO

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3
Q

RDA FOR VITAMIN C

A

MALE: 90 MG/D
FEMALE: 75 MG/D

UL: 2000 MG

85 MG DURING PREGNANACY

120 MG DURING LACTATION

+ 35 MG/D FOR SMOKERS

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4
Q

VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY

A
  1. SCURVY
  2. POOR WOUND HELING
  3. BLEEDING GUMS
  4. PETICHIAE
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5
Q

THIAMIN (B1) FUNCTIONS

A
  1. CHO OXIDATION- INCREASED CHO INTAKE REQUIRES MORE THIAMIN

2. METABOLISM OF PYRUVATE

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6
Q

THIAMIN (B1) FUNCTIONS

A
  1. CHO OXIDATION- INCREASED CHO INTAKE REQUIRES MORE THIAMIN

2. METABOLISM OF PYRUVATE

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7
Q

THIAMIN DEFICIENCY

A
  1. BER1 BER1
  2. MUSCLE WEAKNESS
  3. FOOT DROP
  4. MEMORY LOSS
  5. INCREASED PLASMA PYRUVATE
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8
Q

RDA FOR THIAMIN

A

MALES: 1.2 MG

FEMALE: 1.1 MG

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9
Q

THIAMIN SOURCES

A

GRAINS, WHEAT GERM, PORK, LIVER, SUNFLOWER SEEDS, LEGUMES, YEAST, SOY MILK

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10
Q

FUNCTIONS OF RIBOFLAVIN (B2)

A
  1. REQUIRED AS ENZYME COFACTOR FOR CHO AND FAAT METABOLISM

2. RED CELL PRODUCTION

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11
Q

RIBOFLAVIN (B2) RDA

A

MALE: 1.3 MG
FEMALE: 1.1 MG

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12
Q

RIBOFLAVIN SOURCES

A

LIVER, KIDNEY, MEAT, MILK, SHRIMP, FORTIFIED CEREALS, EGGS, YOGURT, CHEESE

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13
Q

RIBOFLAVIN (B2) DEFICIENCY

A

CHEILOSIS, ANGULAR STOMATITIS, MAGENTA TONGUE, SWOLLEN MOUTH AND THROAT, DERMATITIS, ANEMIA

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14
Q

RDA FOR NIACIN

A

M: 16 NE
F: 14 NE

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15
Q

NIACIN B3 FUNCTION

A
  1. METABOLISM OF CHO, PROTEIN AND FAT

SYNTHESIZED FROM TRYPTOPHAN

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16
Q

NIACIN SORCES

A

PROTEIN, PEANUTS (BUTTER), READY-TO-EAT CEREALS, CHICKEN, RICE, YEAST, MILK, FISH, CANNED TOMATO PRODUCTS, ENRICHED BREADS

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17
Q

NIACIN DEFICIENCY

A
  1. PELLAGRA- 4 D’S DERMATITIS, DIARRHEA, DEMENTIA, DEATH
  2. BEEFY, BRIGHT, RED TONGUE
  3. SYMMETRICAL, PIGMENTED RASH IN SUNLIGHT
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18
Q

RDA FOR PYRIDOXIINE (B6)

A

M: 1.2-1.7 MG
F: 1.3-1.5 MG

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19
Q

PYRIDOXINE FUNCTION

A

COENZYME IN AMINO ACID METABOLISM- DEAMINATION, TRANSAMINATION

INCREASED PYRIDOXINE NEEDS WITH INCREASED PROTEIN INTAKE

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20
Q

PYRIDOXINE SOURCES

A

GARBANZO BEANS, MEAT, FISH, POULTRY, FORTIFIED CEREALS, WHITE POTATO, BANANA, YEAST

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21
Q

PYRIDOXINE DEFICIENCY

A

SEIZURES, ANEMIA, DERMATITIS, GLOSSITIS, STOMATITIS, CHEILOSIS, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

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22
Q

AI PANTHOTENIC ACID

A

5 MG

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23
Q

PANTHOTENIC ACID FUNCTION

A
  1. CoenzymeA

2. FAT METABOLISM

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24
Q

PANTHOTENIC ACID SOURCES

A
  1. LIVER, MEATS, DAIRY, BROCCOLI, LEGUMES, SHIITAKE MUSHROOMS, EGG YOLK
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25
Q

PANTHOTENIC ACID DEFICIENCY

A

BURNING FOOT SYNDROME

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26
Q

FOLIC ACID FUNCTION

A
  1. DNA SYNTHESIS
  2. FORMS RBC IN BONE MARROW
  3. PREVENTS NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
  4. INVOLVED IN HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM
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27
Q

RDA FOR FOLIC ACID

A

400 MG

600 MG FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

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28
Q

FOLATE SOURCES

A

GREEN VEGETABLES- SPINACH, ASPARAGUS, LEGUMES, FORTIFIED GRAIN PRODUCTS, LIVER, KIDNEY, CITRUS FRUIT, BEANS

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29
Q

FOLATE DEFICIENCY

A
  1. MEGALOBLASTIC MACROCYTIC ANEMIA
  2. NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS IN A FETUS
  3. ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEIINE LEVELS
  4. DIARRHEA, FATIGUE, IRRITABILITY, DYSPNEA
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30
Q

AI BIOTIN

A

30 MG/D

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31
Q

BIOTIN FUNCTION

A
  1. COENZYME IN FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS
  2. CONVERTS PYRUVATE TO OXALOACETATE IN GLUCONEOGENESIS

SYNTHESIZED BY INTESTINAL BACTERIA

INACTIVATED BY AVIDIN

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32
Q

BIOTIN SOURCES

A

LIVER, KIDNEY, EGG YOLK, YEAST, SOYBEANS, LEGUMES

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33
Q

BIOTIN DEFICIENCY

A

MUSCLE PAIN, DERMATITIS, GLOSSITIS, ALOPECIA, HYPOTONIA, NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION

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34
Q

AI FOR COBALAMIN (B12)

A

2.4 MCG

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35
Q

COBALAMIN (B12) FUNCTION

A
  1. COENZYME IN DNA, RNA, AND MYELIN
  2. FORMS RBC
  3. REQUIRED FOR THE CONVERSION OF HOMOCYSTEIN TO METHIONINE
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36
Q

COBALAMIN (B12) SOURCES

A

FISH, SEAFOOD, MEATS, LIVER, KIDNEY, EGGS, MILK, CHEESE, CEREALS

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37
Q

COBALAMIN (B12) DEFICIENCY

A
  1. MACROCYTIC, MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
  2. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA (POST-GASTRECTOMY OR ILEAL RESECTION, LACK OF IF)
  3. DEGENERATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVES
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38
Q

CALCIUM FUNCTIONS

A
  1. BLOOD CLOTTING
  2. CARDIAC FUNCTION
  3. NERVE TRANSMISSION
  4. SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY

DEFICIENCY: TETANY

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39
Q

VITAMIN A TOXIC LEVEL

A

10 000 IU

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40
Q

VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

A

NIGHT BLINDNESS-NYCTALOPIA (REVERSIBLE)

XEROPHTALMIA- CORNEAL DAMAGE (NON-REVERSIBLE) BITOT’S SPOTS ON CONJUCTIVA

DRY, SCALY SKIN (HYPERKERATOSIS)

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41
Q

VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY

A

HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

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42
Q

VITAMIN E SOURCES

A

VEGETABLE OILS, WHOLE GRAINS, GREEN VEGETABLES, ALMONDS

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43
Q

PHOSPHORUS NEEDS

A

700 MG

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44
Q

PHOSPHORUS FUNCTION

A
  1. PHOSPHOLIPIDS TRANSPORT FAT THROUGH LYMPH AND BLOOD
  2. BONE AND TEETH

THE SECOND MOST ABUNDANT MINERAL (CALIUM IS THE OTHER ONE)

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45
Q

PHOSPHORUS SOURCES

A

MILK, MEAT, POULTRY, EGGS, FISH, CHEESE, SOY MILK, TOFU, LEGUMES, NUTS

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46
Q

PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY

A

MUSCLE WEAKNESS, MUSCLE DAMAGE, BONE PAIN, DIZZINESS

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47
Q

PHOSPHORUS TOXICITY

A

HYPOCALCEMIA

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48
Q

AI POTASSIUM

A

4.7 g/d

49
Q

POTASSIUM FUNCTION

A

FLUID BALANCE
NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION
MUSCLE CONTRACTION

50
Q

POTASSIUM SOURCES

A

MOST FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, POTATOES, BANANAS, TOMATO JUICE, ORANGE JUICE, MELONS

51
Q

POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY

A

MUSCLE WEAKNESS, PARALYSIS, MENTAL CONFUSION, IRREGULAR HEARTBEAT

52
Q

POTASSIUM TOXICITY

A

MUSCLE WEAKNESS, VOMITING, IRREGULAR HEARTBEAT

53
Q

AI SODIUM

A

1.5 g/d

54
Q

SODIUM DEFICIENCY

A

MUSCLE CRAMPS, DIZZINESS, FATIGUE, NAUSEA, VOMITING, MENTAL CONFUSION

55
Q

SODIUM TOXICITY

A

WATER RETENTION, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, LOSS OF CALCIUM IN URINE

56
Q

RDA IRON

A

M: 8MG
F: 18 MG

57
Q

IRON FUNCTION

A

OXYGEN TRANSPORT

58
Q

FORM OF IRON IN FOOD

A

FERRIC

59
Q

ABSORBABLE FORM OF IRON

A

FERROUS

60
Q

IRON STORAGE

A

FERRITIN

61
Q

WHICH NUTRIENTS INHIBIT IRIIN ABSORPTION

A

EGGS, TEA, MILK, CHEESE

62
Q

INCREASING IRON ABSORPTION

A

FOODS CONTAINING VITAMIN C

CALCIUM BINDS TO OXALATES, ENHANCING IRON ABSORPTION

63
Q

RDA ZINC

A

M: 11 MG
F: 8 MG

63
Q

RDA ZINC

A

M: 11 MG
F: 8 MG

UL: 40 MG/D

64
Q

ZINC FUNCTION

A 
INCREASES TASTE 
ENHANCES INSULIN FUNCTION
CHO, PROTEIN AND ALCOHOL METABOLISM
GROWTH
WOUND HEALING
IMMUNE RESPONSE, REPRODUCTION
STABILIZES DNA, RNA
CELL DIVISION
65
Q

ZINC SOURCES

A

OYSTERS, MEAT, LIVER, EGGS, FISH, NUTS, WHEAT GERM

66
Q

ZINC DEFICIENCY

A

REDUCED IMMUNE FUNCTION, ALOPECIA, POOR WOUND HEALING, HYPOGEUSIA

67
Q

ZINC ABSORPTION

A

PHYTATES AND COPPER LOWER ZINC ABSORPTION

68
Q

EXCESS ZINC

A

COPPER AND IRON DEFICIENCY

69
Q

IODINE DEFICIENCY

A

GOITER

70
Q

MAGNESIUM FUNCTION

A

PROTEIN AND FATTY ACIDS SYNTHESIS

STABILIZES ATP

71
Q

WHEN MAGNESIUM IS IN HIGHER DEMAND

A

HIGH PROTEIN, CALCIUM, VITAMIN D

72
Q

WHICH MINERAL IS ATTACHED TO CERULOPLASMIN

A

COPPER

73
Q

COOPER FUNCTION

A

HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS

ENHANCES IRON ABSORPTION

74
Q

COPPER RDA

A

900 mcg

75
Q

COPPER DEFICIENCY

A

MICROCYTIC ANEMIA, NEUTROPENIA

WILSON’S DISEASE- LOW SERUM COPPER

76
Q

COPPER SOURCES

A

LIVER, KIDNEY, SHELLFISH

77
Q

SELENIUM DEFICIENCY

A

MYALGIA, CARDIAC MYOPATHY

78
Q

CHROMIUM FUNCTION

A

AIDS ACTION OF INSULIN

GLUCOSE METABOLISM

79
Q

CHROMIUM SOURCES

A

YEAST, OYSTERS, POTATO, LIVER

80
Q

CHROMIUM DEFICIENCY

A

INSULIN RESISTANCE

81
Q

RDA FOR CHROMIUM

A

25-35 mcg

82
Q

NAME THE 3 SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS

A

CYSTEINE, CYSTINE, METHIONINE

83
Q

ATOMIC WEIGHT NA

A

23

84
Q

ATOMIC WEIGHT K

A

39

85
Q

ATOMIC WEIGHT CALCIUM

A

40

VALENCE 2

86
Q

MILLIEQUIVALENTS

A

mg / ATOMIC WEIGHT X VALENCE

87
Q

CALCIUM NORMAL RANGES

A

4.5-5.5 mEq/L or 9-11 mg/dl

88
Q

SODIUM NORMAL LEVELS

A

136-145 mEq/L

89
Q

POTASSIUM NORMAL LEVELS

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

90
Q

1 tsp spoon of salt has

A

2.4 g sodium

91
Q

NORMAL SALINE HAS

A

154 mEq/L NA

92
Q

P CO2 NORMAL RANGE

A

35-45

93
Q

HCO3 NORMAL RANGE

A

24-28

94
Q

WHICH NUTRITENTS A PREGNANT ADOLESCENT NEED INCREASED INTAKE OF

A

IRON, CALCIUM, ZINC

95
Q

NORMAL BIRTH WEIGHT

A

2500-4000 G, 2.5-4 KG

96
Q

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

A

< 2 500 g; 5.5 LBS

97
Q

VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

A

< 1500 g (3.3 lbs)

98
Q

CALORIE NEEDS 0-6 MONTHS INFANT

A

M: 570 KCAL
F: 520 KCAL

99
Q

CALORIE NEEDS FOR 7-12 MONTHS INFANT

A

M: 743
F: 676

100
Q

HOW MANY OZ PER DAY DOES AN INFANT NEED

A

2 1/2 OZ/LB/D

101
Q

INDICATOR OF LONG TERM NUTRITIONAL STATUS

A

STATURE/LENGTH FOR AGE

102
Q

INDICATOR OF SHORT TERM NUTRITIONAL STATUS

A

WEIGHT/LENGHT

103
Q

RDA PROTEIN >= 19 YEARS OLD

A

MALES: 56 G
FEMALES: 46 G

104
Q

NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR CONVERSION OF PYRUVIC ACID TO ACETYL CoA

A

THIAMIN, RIBOFLAVIN, NIACIN, PANTOTHENIC ACID, MAGNESIUM, LIPOIC ACID

105
Q

NAME THE INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT OF BREAKDOWN OF CHO, FAT AND PROTEIN

A

ACETYL CoA

106
Q

MAIN SUBSTRATE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION WITHIN KREB’S CYCLE

A

PYRUVATE

107
Q

CORI CYCLE

A

LACTATE IS CONVERTED BACK TO PYRUVATE

108
Q

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE

A

MAY LEAD TO GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS

109
Q

NITROGEN BALANCE FORMULA

A

PRO INTAKE (g) / 6.25 - (URINARY UREA NITROGEN + 4 )

110
Q

HORMONES IN PROTEIN ANABOLISM

A

PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE, THYROID HORMONE, INSULIN, TESTOSTERONE

111
Q

HORMONES IN PROTEIN CATABOLISM

A

ADRENAL HORMONES (GLUCOCORTICOIDS)- STIMULATE GLUCONEOGENESIS

112
Q

ROLE OF INSULINE IN CHO METABOLISM

A

ICREASES CELL PERMIABILITY TO GLUCOSE

AIDS GLYCOGENESIS AND LIPOGENESIS

113
Q

GLUCAGON

A

GLYCOGENOLYSIS

114
Q

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

A

PROTEIN TO GLUCOSE (GLUCONEOGENESIS)

115
Q

EPINEPHRINE

A

STIMULATES SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

STIMULATES LIVER AND MUSCLE GLYCOGENOLYSIS

DERCREASES INSULIN SECRETION FROM PANCREAS DURING CATABOLIC STRESS

AS A RESULT BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS INCREASE

116
Q

GROWTH HORMONE, ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC)

A

IINSULIN ANTAGONISTS

117
Q

HORMONES IN FAT METABOLISM

A

LYPOLYSIS:

GROWTH HORMONE, GLUCAGONE-INSULIN ANTAGONISTS

GLUCOCORTICOIDS, THYROXINE, EPINEPHRINE, ACTH- INCREASE RATE OF LIPOLYSIS

LIPOGENESIS:

INSULIN

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