DOMAIN I. Principles of Dietetics Flashcards
CLIMACTERIC FRUITS
Ripen after harvesting
Ex: peach, pear, banana, apple, tomato
WAYS TO PREVENT ENZYMATIC BROWNING
- Dip in citrus juice
- Add sugar before freezing
- Heat to boil
HOW MANY ORANGES MAKE A QUART OF JUICE
12 ORANGES
CHLOROPHYLL
- Insoluble in water
- In ACID: olive green, called PHEOPHYTIN
- In ALKALINE: bright green, CHLOROPHYLLIN
YELLOW, ORANGE PIGMENTS (carotenoids)
- Insoluble in water
- No change in color in acid/base
LYCOPENE
- Gives tomatoes and watermelon their red color
- Antioxidant, phytochemical
RED, BLUE, PURPLE FLAVONOIDS
- Called anthocyanins
- Water soluble
- PH changes affect them greatly
- In acid: BRIGHT RED
- In alkaline: BLUISH
COLORLESS, WHITE, OR YELLOW FLAVONOIDS
- Called anthoxanthins OR flavones
- water soluble
- In acid: COLORLESS
- In alkaline: YELLOW
ONIONS will turn YELLOW in an aluminum pan.
PREPARATION SUGGESTIONS FOR CAULIFLOWER
Cook for a short time, COVERED
PREPARATION OF BROCCOLI IN MICROWAVE
- The same flavor for less time
- Better retention of color and vit C
PREPARATION SUGGESTIONS FOR CABBAGE
- Cook for SHORT time with the lid OFF initially
- In large amount of water
PREPARATION OF POTATOES
- Contain phenolic compounds, causing color change in peeled potatoes
- Green color under skin- when exposed to sunlight during storage
- SOLANINE- a natural toxicant
- During storage starch changes to sugar
- OLD POTATOES: sweeter, cook to a darker brown, softer in texture
Change in TASTE, COLOR, AND TEXTURE
TVP (TEXTURED VEGETABLE PROTEIN)
- Textured soy protein
- Used as a meat analog/meat extender
- Quick to cook, yields more servings, lower meal cost
- Adds juiciness d/t water content
PREPARATION OF ACIDIC VEGETABLES
More time, more water, no LID
FROZEN vs FRESH VEGETABLES COOKING TIME
- Frozen cook faster d/t blanching before freezing
HOW MANY CUPS IN A #10 CAN? # IN A CASE?
13 CUPS
6 in a CASE
SAFE INTERNAL TEMPERATURE OF PORK, BEEF, VEAL, LAMB, STEAKS, ROAST, FISH
145’ F
SAFE INTERNAL TEMPERATURE OF GROUND BEEF, GROUND VEAL, GROUND LAMB
160’ F
SAFE INTERNAL TEMPERATURE OF TURKEY, CHICKEN, DUCK
165’ F
ROASTING TEMPERATURE
325’ F
PINK COLOR IN CURED MEATS IS DUE TO
NITRITES
TENDER CUTS OF MEAT
NEAR BACKBONE - LOIN, SIRLOIN
COOKING METHODS:
DRY HEAT: FRYING, BROILING, GRILLING,
TOUGH CUTS OF MEAT
BOTTOM ROUND, CHUCK, BRISKET
COOKING METHODS: MOIST HEAT
BRAISING, SIMMERING, STEAMING, STEWING
PAPAIN AND BROMELAIN TENDERIZE MEAT
FAT SMOKE POINT IN DECREASING ORDER
SAFFLOWER 513’ F
soybean, canola, corn, palm, peanut, sunflower, sesame, olive- 375’ F
Lard 375’ F
Shortening: 365-370’ F (monoglycerides, low smoke point)
Butter: 350’ F
SURIMI
Purified, frozen minced fish with preservatives, egg white/ starch used in analogs-crab meat
GOOD QUALITY INDICATOR FOR EGGS
HIGH PROPORTION OF THICK WHITE
EGG YOLK
OIL IN WATER EMULSION
MORE PROTEIN THAN EGG WHITE- 17.5 %
11% IN EGG WHITE
COLOR DEPENDS ON THE COLOR AND TYPE OF HEN’S FEED
EGG NUTRITION VALUE
80 CALORIES
6 g PROTEIN
5 g FAT
Vitamins A, D and B2 (riboflavin)
GRADING OF EGGS
CANDLING:
INFRONT OF A BRIGHT LIGHT TO EVALUATE WHITE
THICKNESS, LOCATION AND CONDITION OF THE YOLK
EGGS GRADES
AA
A
B
HOW LONG AN EGG COULD BE STORED IN COLD STORAGE
6 MONTHS (29-32’ F)
FRESH EGG:
Has a dull, rough shell and sinks to the bottom of a pan with cold water
SYNERESIS
WEEPING
Occurs when:
- cooking temperature is too high
- cooking temperature is too low and the protein is cooked for a long time
- results in a tough, watery product
EGG PROTEIN COAGULATES AT 62-70’ C
QUALITY OF CUSTARDS
% SAG HAS TO BE LARGER FOR A GOOD QUALITY
WHEY COMPOSITION
LACTOSE, LACTALBUMIN, LACTOGLOBULIN, WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS, MINERALS
MILK PASTEURIZATION TIME AND TEMPERATURE
145’ F for 30 MINUTES
160’ F for 15 SECONDS
FAT CONTENT OF MILK
2% Milk - 1.5-2.25%
Low Fat - .5-2%
Skim - < .5 %
EVAPORATED MILK
- 60 % WATER REMOVED
- BROWN COLOR D/T CARAMELIZATION OF LACTOSE IN CANNING
- NO LESS THAN 7.9% milk fat
SWEETENED CONDENSED MILK
- CONCENTRATE WHOLE MILK
- 15-18 % SUCROSE/GLUCOSE
WHEN USING BUTTERMILK INSTEAD OF MILK
INCREASE THE BAKING SODA
FILLED MILK
SKIM MILK AND VEGETABLE FAT
FILLED MILK
SKIM MILK AND VEGETABLE FAT
FAT CONTENT IN BUTTER/MARGARINE
80 %
FAT CONTENT IN HEAVY CREAM
> 36%
FAT CONTENT IN WHIPPED CREAM
35%
FAT CONTENT IN SOUR CREAM
> 18%
FAT CONTENT IN HALF & HALF
NO LESS THAN 10.5 %
NAME THE CHEESE WITH THE HIGHEST MOISTURE CONTENT
COTTAGE CHEESE
MOISTURE CONTENT OF MOZZARELLA
45-55
NAME CHEESE WITH LOWEST MOISTURE CONTENT
SWISS, CHEDDAR, GORGONZOLA, PARMESAN
TO PREVENT STRINGY, CURDLED-LOOKING CHEESE PRODUCTS..
COOK AT MODERATE TEMPERATURE FOR SHORT TIME
NAME WEAK FLOURS
PASTRY AND CAKE
NAME WEAK FLOURS
PASTRY AND CAKE
GLUTEN CONTENT IN FLOUR
IN DECREASING ORDER:
GRAHAM, WHEAT
BREAD FLOUR - 11.8%
ALL-PURPOSE - LESS GLUTEN, BLEND OF SOFT AND WEAK FLOUR - 10.5 %
NOODLES CONTAIN..
EGG YOLK/SOLIDS
HOW TO MODIFY A RECIPE IF BRAN IS ADDED
BRAN DECREASES THE VOLUME OF THE END PRODUCT
TO COMPENSATE: INCREASE FLOUR AND LIQUID
OLD BAKING POWDER
CAUSES LOSS OF THIAMIN IN BAKED GOODS
PROPORTION OF BAKING POWDER TO FLOUR
FOR EVERY CUP ADD 1 1/2 TSP BAKING POWDER
EFFECT OF USING TOO MUCH SUGAR IN A PRODUCT
COARSE CELLS, THICK WALLS, SHINY CRUST, CRUMBLY PRODUCT
NAME QUICK BREADS AND THEIR CONTENT
MUFFINS, BISCUITS, POPOVERS
EGG AND FLOUR
NAME QUICK BREADS
MUFFINS, BISCUITS, POPOVERS
MUFFIN MIXING METHOD
- SIFT DRY IINGREDIENTS, STIR THEM ALL TOGETHER
- MIX WET INGREDIENTS IN A SEPARATE BOWL
- COMBINE LIQUID WITH DRY INGRADIENTS
- DO NOT OVERMIX
MUFFIN MIXING METHOD
- SIFT DRY IINGREDIENTS, STIR THEM ALL TOGETHER
- MIX WET INGREDIENTS IN A SEPARATE BOWL
- COMBINE LIQUID WITH DRY INGRADIENTS
- DO NOT OVERMIX
A REASON FOR TOUGH AND HEAVY PRODUCT WITH TUNNELS FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
OVERMIXING- LOSS OF CO2
A GOOD MUFFIN WILL HAVE
ROUND PEBBLED TOP, SYMMETRICAL SHAPE, NO TUNNELS
CAKE MIXING METHOD
- CREAM FAT WITH SUGAR
- ADD EGG
- ADD SIFTED DRY INGREDIENTS IN PORTIONS, ALTERNATING WITH PORTIONS OF MILK
WHAT WILL MAKE A CAKE YELLOW
WHOLE EGG
WHAT WILL MAKE A CAKE WHITE
EGG WHITES
WHAT WILL MAKE A CAKE GOLD
EGG YOLKS
ANGEL CAKE
EGG WHITE FOAM
SPONGE CAKE
YOLK FOAM AND WHITE FOAM
CHIFFON CAKE
LIQUID YOLKS, EGG WHITE FOAM, BAKING POWDER, OIL
LIST FOAM CAKES
ANGEL CAKE
SPONGE CAKE
CHIFFON CAKE
EFFECT OF MORE SUGAR IN A PRODUCT
- LONGER BAKING TIME
- FALLEN CENTER- SUGAR INCREASES VOLUME, GLUTEN STRANDS SNAP
REASON FOR A FALLEN CAKE CENTER
TOO MUCH:
- SUGAR
- FAT
- BAKING POWDER
- OVEN TEMP TOO LOW
- INADEQUATE MIXING
- OPEN DOOR DURING EARLY BAKING
A CAKE IS TOUGH WITH DRY CRUMB BECAUSE
TOO MUCH
- FLOUR OR EGG
- MIXING
- TOO LITTLE FAT
- TOO LITTLE SUGAR
- OVERBAKING
YOUR CAKE HAS A COARSE TEXTURE DUE TO
- TOO MUCH BAKING POWDER
- TOO MUCH SUGAR
- LOW OVEN TEMP
- INADEQUATE MIXING
CAKE HAS POOR VOLUME WHEN
- TOO LITTLE BAKING POWDER
- IMPROPER LEVEL OF SUGAR/FAT
WHEN SUBSTITUTING BUTTER FOR LARD
USE MORE BUTTER - 80% FAT IN BUTTER
PASTRY CONTENT AND COOKING TEMPERATURE
- FLOUR, FAT, LIQUID, SALT
- 425-450’ F FOR 10-15 MINUTES
COOKIES CONTENT
MODIFIED SHORTENED CAKE
HIGHER IN FAT
LOWER IN SUGAR AND LIQUID
STRAIGHT DOUGH METHOD
ALL INGREDIENTS ADDED BEFORE DOUGH RISES
SPONGE DOUGH METHOD
- LIQUID + YEAST + A LITTLE FLOUR ARE FERMENTED FOR SEVERAL HOURS
- ADD SUGAR, SALT, FAT, THE REST OF THE FLOUR
- KNEAD
WHEN BAKING AT HIGH ALTITUDES
- GAS EXPANDS FASTER, STEAM FOAMS EARLIER
- DECREASE BAKING POWDER
- INCREASE LIQUID AMOUNT
- LONGER COOKING TIME
THE TEMP OF BOILING WATER IS LOWER
COOK AT LOWER TEMPERATURE, FOR LONGER TIME
THICKENING ABILITY OF STARCHES FROM MOST EFFECTIVE TO LEAST EFFECTIVE
Potato, waxy corn, waxy rice, waxy sorghum, tapioca, wheat
GELATINIZATION OF STARCHES
WHEN HEATED IN WATER STARCH MOLECULES SWELL
RETROGRADATION
AMYLOSE AND AMYLOPECTING REFORM AGAIN AFTER COOLING DOWN OF A PRODUCT, MAKING THE PRODUT HARDER
HOW TO PREVENT LUMPS IN A GRAVY
MIX STARCH WITH FAT, COLD LIQUID, OR SUGAR
WHAT IS THE REASON FOR A GRAINY AND STARCHY TASTING SAUCE
UNCOOKED FLOUR
THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE WATER CONTENT OF A VEGETABLE IS REPLACED BY A CONCENTRATED SALT SOLUTION
DIFFISION
WHICH INGREDIANT HAS TO BE ADJUSTED IF A CAKE HAS A CRUNCHY CRUST AND COMPACT MOIST TEXTURE
SUGAR
CELLULAR OXIDATION END PRODUCTS
WATER, CO2, ENERGY
NAME CHO IN DECREASING ORDER FOR SWEETNESS
FRUCTOSE
INVERTED SUGAR
SUCROSE
GLUCOSE
SORBITOL
GROWTH IS INHIBITED IF THE ONLY PROTEIN SOURCE IS GELATIN BACAUSE
GELATIN LACKS TRYPTOPHAN
LOW IN LYSINE AND METHIONINE
FAT YIELDS MORE ENERGY THAN CHO DUE TO
MORE C AND H IN RELATION TO OXYGEN
MINERALS INVOLVED IN CHO METABOLISM
CHROMIUM AND ZINC
TO PREVENT FROZEN GRAVY FROM SEPARATING AFTER THAWING
USE MODIFIED STARCH
IRREVERSIBLE REACTION
PYRUVIC ACID INTO ACETYL COA
THIAMIN DEFICIENCY
LEADS TO INCREASED PYRUVATE LEVELS
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN COENZYME IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS
BIOTIN
PANCREAS SECRETES THE FOLLOWING ENZYMES
AMYLASE, LIPASE, CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE, TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN
NADPH
ESSENTIAL IN FATTY ACIDS SYNTHESIS
FOR THE CONVERSION OF PYRUVIC ACID TO ACETATE ARE NEEDED
B VITAMINS 1,2,3,5 + Mg
AMINO ACIDS IN PARENTERAL SOLUTION
TRYPTOPHAN,
PHENYLALANINE,
THREONINE,
ISOLEUCINE
HORMONE INHIBITING GLUCONEOGENESIS
INSULIN
ROLE OF VITAMIN A
TISSUE AND SKIN DEVELOPMENT
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
NEEDED FOR CONVERSION OF WEIGHT INTO VOLUME
TANNINS TASTE IS
TART
SATURATED FAT IS REPLACED WITH LINOLEIC ACID. WHAT IS THE RESULT?
TOTAL CHOLESTEROL + HDL DECREASE
THE HIGHEST IN MUFAS OIL IS..
OLIVE OIL
HIGHEST IN SATURATED FAT OIL IS..
COCONUT OIL
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS MAY RESULT DUE TO
DECREASED BICARBONATE RETENTION
DRY HEAT COOKING IS RECOMMENDED FOR
MEAT NEAR THE BACKBONE
CONTINUOUS METHOD OF BREAD-MAKING
DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE TIME FOR RISING OF THE DOUGH AS MUCH
‘USDA GRADED’ IS USED TO
SPECIFY THE QUALITY OF THE MEAT
LEAST SATURATED FAT IS IN
EVAPORATED SKIM MILK
TOO MUCH BAKING POWDER OR SUGAR
WILL GIVE A CAKE A COARSE TEXTURE
COOK CABBAGE IN
LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER
OILS THAT CAN BE WINTERIZED
CORN
RECOMMEND THE FOLLOWING FOODS TO A PATIENT IF HE NEEDS TO INCREASE HIS POTASSIUM LEVELS
GRILLED CHEESE, TOMATO SANDWICH, STRAWBERRIES
IF YOU CONSUME DOUBLE THE RECOMMENDED AMOUNT OF PROTEIN, WHICH NUTRITIENT HAS TO INCREASE
B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
MOST SIGNIFICANCE WILL HAVE THE FOLLOWING P VALUE
< 0.00004
A PATIENT NEEDS TO LOWER HIS PHOSPORUS LEVELS, YOU RECOMMEND REDUCING THE CONSUMPTION OF..
YOGURT
WHAT COULD BE THE CAUSE OF A 5-MONTH OLD BABY TO BE DIAGNOSED WITH SALMONELLA?
CONSUMPTION OF TABLE FOODS
TYPE OF FATTY ACIDS IN BUTTER
FROM THE LEAST to the HIGHEST amount
PUFA, MUFA, SAT (the most)
LIST THE FATTY ACIDS IN MARGARINE IN ORDER OF DECREASING AMOUNT
PUFA, MUFA, SAT
WHAT WILL YOU ADVISE YOUR PATIENT IF HE IS TAKING DICUMAROL?
AVOID INCREASING SPINACH (FOODS HIGH IN K)
THIS IS AN ANTICOAGULANT
WHEN EARLY SIGNS OF XEROPHTALMIA, YOU RECOMMEND
LIVER, MILK, EGGS
THE SCHILLING TEST
ALSO KNOWN AS VITAMIN B12 (CYANOCOBALAMIN) ABSORPTION TEST
NAME THE MINERAL ABSORBED THROUGH THE IINTESTINES AND TRANSPORTED WITH CERULOPLASMIN
COPPER
A PATIENT IS ON A LOW- SODIUM DIET, YOU RECOMMEND HE AVOIDS..
TURKEY ROLL
EXCESS CAFFEINE CAUSES
INSOMNIA
1 G NA HAS
43 meq
NA= 23 meq
1000/23=43
WHEN COOKING PORK HOW CAN YOU PRESERVE THIAMIN
COOK IT TO 145’ F AT 325’ F
VITAMIN NEEDED WITH EXCESS INTAKE OF CHO
THIAMIN
CHANGES IN OLD POTATES
TASTE, APPEARANCE AND TEXTURE
WHEN BRAN IS ADDED TO A DOUGH
INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF FLOUR AND LIQUID
PANCREAS SECRETES
AMYLASE
MAIN FUNCTION OF WATER IN THE BODY
CELL METABOLISM ENVIRONMENT
VEGAN NEEDS A SUPPLEMETATION OF
ZINC
SUBSTITUTING BUTTER FOR LARD
MORE BUTTER IS NEEDED
WHEY
MUST BE REDUCED BEFORE TRANSPORTED FOR ABSORPTION
ADDING BRAN TO BREAD
DECREASES VOLUME
THE RESULT OF NOT USING CREAM OF TARTAR WHEN MAKING ANGEL FOOD CAKE
A YELLOWY CAKE
TOO MUCH SODA IN AN ANGEL FOOD CAKE WILL RESULT IN
YELLOWY CAKE
BEST TEMPERATURE FOR COOKING A ROAST
325’ F
WHEN COMPARING THE PREVALENCE OF A DISEASE YOU WILL USE
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
US.No 1
A GRADE FOR FRESH PRODUCE
US. No 1
GRADE FOR FRESH PRODUCE
THE FLOUR WITH THE MOST STARCH IS
CAKE FLOUR
IF R VALUE IS GREATER THAN 1
INVALID RESULT
EGG STABILIZER
ACID
IF BROCCOLI TURN OLIVE GREEN DURING HOT HOLDING
LEMON JUICE (ACID) IS THE CAUSE
LACTATE IN CORI CYCLE IS CONVERTED TO
PYRUVATE
NORMAL SALINE HAS
154 mEq Na/L
Storage time of eggs in a fridge at 40’ F
3 WEEKS
CERULOPLASMIN IS AFFECTED BY
WILSON’S DISEASE
DEHYDRATION OF A PERSON WITH EDEMA MAY BE DUE TO
FLUID RETENTION IN THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE
OMEGA- 3 IS SUBSTITUTED FOR SATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE DIET
LITTLE CHANGE IN TOTAL CHOLESTEROL
LOWER TRIGLYCERIDES
SAFFLOWER OIL
WHEN SUBSTITUTED FOR SATURATED FATS IN THE DIET WILL DECREASE TOTAL AND HDL CHOLESTEROL
BEST WAY FOR LEMON MERINGUE STORAGE
REFRIGERATION
A CHILD AT THE 95th PERCENTILE IS CLASSIFIED AS
OBESE
85th percentile CLASSIFICATION FOR A CHILD
OVERWEIGHT
EXTINCTION
NO REINFORCEMENT AFTER UNDESIRBLE BEHAVIOR
PRIOR TO TEACHING A CLASS ON NUTRITION
ASSESS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF STUDENTS
BEST TO EVALUATE LONG TERM NUTRITION IN CHILDREN
USE HEIGHT FOR AGE
USE ANOVA
WHEN SEVERAL PRODUCTS COMPETE AGAINST ONE ANOTHER
FOCUS GROUP
CONTRIBUTES ATTITUDINAL DATA
BREAST MILK IS
LOWER IN PROTEIN, HIGHER IN FAT AND CHO THAN MILK
REE ESTIMATION IN NORMAL WEIGHT AND OBESE PATIENTS
USE Mifflin St. Jeor
TO ESTIMATE ENERGY NEEDS IN CRITICALLY ILL
INDIRECT CALORIMETRY IS RECOMMENDED
ABSORPTION OF WATER SOLUBLE NITRIENTS
CARRIER-FACILITATED PASSIVE DIFFUSION