Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Medicine: Exam II > Vitamins and Cofactors > Flashcards

Vitamins and Cofactors Flashcards

1
Q

Oxygenase and dehydrogenase are a ______ class of enzyme. Kinases, acyltransferase, and acetyltransferase are all _____ class of enzymes.

A

Oxidoreductase
Transferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_____ reactions function in the body for fuel oxidation, detoxification, and biosynthesis

A

Redox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Redox cofactors include _____, ____ , ____, ____, ______

A

NADH, NADPH, FAD(2H), ascorbic acid, and metals such as copper, iron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is this cofactor:

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) . The pink hydrogen at the top shows the active side and where the reduction takes place to for NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An example of a redox reaction is lactate to pyruvate, where ____ is the cofactor.

A

NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A reaction usually uses only ____ or ___, not both. ____ is primarily used in fuel oxidation. ____ is used in detoxification and biosynthesis.

A

NADH or NADPH
NADH
NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The dietary precursor for NADH and NADPH is ______. It is abundant in meat, whole grains, and fortified cereals.

A

Niacin (vitamin B3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Niacin can by synthesized in the body from _____, which we also get from our diet. This requires vitamin ____.

A

Tryptophan
Vitamin B6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Deficiency of niacin causes ______, characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (3Ds).

A

Pellagra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____ and ____ are also redox cofactors but they accept 1 electron at a time. They also participate in creating and breaking ____ bonds and ____ bonds.

A

FMN and FAD
Double
Disulfide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

FMN stands for ____ ____. FAD stands for _____ ____ ____. They are similar but FAD has an added adenosine that acts as a _____ where enzymes grab on to.

A

Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Handle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

FAD and FMN are derived from ______.

A

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase uses ______ as a redox cofactor.

A

FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) comes from ___, ____, _____, ____, and _____ in our diet

A

Milk, eggs, organ meat, legumes, and mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Riboflavin is phosphorylated by ______ using ATP to create ______. Then an adenine is added by enzyme _____ to form FAD.

A

Flavokinase
FMN
FAD synthetase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Riboflavin deficiency results in _____ and ____, which are sores around the mouth and a beefy swollen tongue, respectively. Anemia, dermatitis, GI malabsorption, or mutations in succinate dehydrogenase can also occur.

A

Cheilosis
Glossitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

______ is a redox cofactor for hydroxylase enzymes important in collagen synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, and oxygen sensing. It also functions as a ______ anti-oxidant

A

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Non-enzymatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hydroxylase enzymes add and ___ group which allows for hydrogen bonding in collagen. If ____ is deficient, hydroxylase is unable to function properly leading to weak collagen.

A

OH
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbate) is a cofactor for ____ hydroxylase. Post translational hydroxylase of ____ and ____ is important for collagen formation.

A

Prolyl
Lysine
Proline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

____ hydroxylase adds a OH group to lysine

A

Lysyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Collagen is important for extracellular connective tissue. In the collagen peptide, every third amino acid is ____. Collagen peptides form a ___ ___ structure that is stabilized by hydrogen bonding.

A

Glycine
Triple helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is found in ____ and ____ in our diet.

A

Citrus
Vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ is an ascorbic acid deficiency characterized by defects in connective tissue, bleeding, slow wound healing, anemia, gingival lesions (gum lesion), enlargement of costochondral junctions, and Pertichia (bleeding capillaries)

A

Scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Diagnose scurvy by clinical presentation, _____ findings, and _____ clearance after oral ascorbate bolus.

A

Radiologic
Urinary

25
Q

_____ is important for iron absorption.

A

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

26
Q

_____ ____ is an activation transfer cofactor. It participates in decarboxylation reactions. After decarboxylation of pyruvate the remaining two carbons form a ____ bond with TPP.

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Covalent

27
Q

Thiamine is found in ____, _____, _____, and _____ in our diet.

A

Meat, legumes, whole grains, fortified cereals

28
Q

Thiamine deficiency can occur in _____ and _____. _____ is characterized by headache, nausea, malaise, heart failure. _____ _____ is characterized by confusion and abnormal eye movements. ____ ____ is characterized by amnesia and confabulation.

A

Malnutrition
Alcoholism
Beriberi
Wernicke encephalopathy
Koraskoff psychosis

29
Q

____ ____ ____ ____ syndrome is due to inherited mutations in the thiamine transporter SLC19A2. Characterized by anemia, progressive deafness, and non type I diabetes

A

Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia

30
Q

_____ is an activation transfer cofactor that forms a covalent bond with lysine side chains.

A

Lipoate

31
Q

Lipoate is a cofactor for the E2 subunit of _____ _____. It accepts the two carbon acetate from TPP. Lipoate has ____ transfer function and ______ function

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Carbon
Oxidation reduction

32
Q

_____ does not require a vitamin precursor. _____ and _____ synthesis lipoid acid. Deficiency is not fully described

A

Lipoate
Fatty acids
Amino acids

33
Q

_____ is an activation transfer cofactor. It functions to covalently bind _____ groups through high energy thioester bonds, and transfer them to different substrates

A

Coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA)
Acyl

34
Q

The dietary precursor for coenzymeA is _______. It is widespread in the diet and specific deficiency is not described

A

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)

35
Q

____ is a activation transfer coenzyme. It is a cofactor for four carboxylase enzymes.

A

Biotin

36
Q

_____ reactions are the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds from inorganic carbon

A

Carboxylation

37
Q

_____ is widely distributed in food and deficiencies are rare. Raw eggs contain _____ which binds to biotin and makes in indigestible. Symptoms include scaley dermatitis, thinning hair, and alopecia

A

Biotin
Avidin

38
Q

____ ____ is an activation transfer cofactor for enzymes that metabolize amino acids.

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

39
Q

____ is a type of enzyme that uses PLP as a cofactor to metabolize amino acids

A

Transaminases

40
Q

_____ is the precursor for pyridoxal phosphate.

A

Vitamin B6

41
Q

3 types of vitamin B6 are ___ , ___, ____. They are found in the diet in meat, bananas, rice. They must be _____ by kinase to convert them to _____.

A

Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine
Pyridoxal phosphate

42
Q

Pyridoxal deficiency is characterized by ____, ____, and anemia in infants and _____ ____ in adults.

A

Seizures, diarrhea
Peripheral neuropathy

43
Q

PLP is a cofactor in the pathway that converts tryptophan to ____. PLP deficiency can cause a ____ deficiency.

A

Niacin
Niacin

44
Q

Direct measurement of ___ in blood is a diagnostic tool to measure PLP deficiency.

A

PLP

45
Q

PLP overdose causes _____ and ____.

A

Sensory neuropathy and ataxia

46
Q

_____ is an activation transfer cofactor that participates in transfers and rearrangements of methyl groups

A

Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

47
Q

The two forms of cobalamin in the body are ____ and ____.

A

Deoxyadenosylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin

48
Q

Methylcobalamin is a cofactor for ______ synthase. After transferring its ____ group, Methylcobalamin is regenerated by accepting a ____ group from methyltetrahydrofolate. Methionine is important for protein synthesis.

A

Methionine
Methyl
Methyl

49
Q

Adenosylcobalamin is a cofactor for ______ _____ _____, which is essential for the catabolism of branched chain amino acids and fatty acids

A

Methylmalonyl CoA mutase

50
Q

____ is only produced by bacteria, it is found in meat, milk, and other animal derived foods. Deficiency can occur in vegans and causes _____, ____, ____, ____, and _____.

A

Cobalamin
Anemia, weakness, fatigue, seizures, and sensory defects

51
Q

Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency by ___ ___ and testing the cobalamin concentration in serum.

A

Blood smear

52
Q

What vitamin derived cofactors are required for different aspects of fuel oxidation?

A
53
Q

Which type of enzyme uses biotin as a cofactor?

A

Carboxylase

54
Q
A

Carboxylase

55
Q
A

White cell acetyl CoA carboxylase assay

56
Q
A

Lack of dietary vitamin B12

57
Q
A

Cyanocobalamin
(Vitamin B12)

58
Q
A

Methionine cycle

Fundamentals of Medicine: Exam II (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions