Bacteria

Question 1

All bacteria have a ____ ____ which is a thin sheet of lipid and proteins surrounding the cytoplasm

Answer 1

Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane

Question 2

All bacteria have a _____, which is composed of condensed DNA molecules. All bacteria also have ____, composed of protein and RNA. All bacteria also have a _____, a water based solution filling the entire cell.

Answer 2

Nucleoid or bacterial chromosome
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm

Question 3

____ is a layer of protein used for protection and attachment. ____ are fine hairlike bristles extending from cell surface that help with adhesion. Not all bacteria have these features

Answer 3

S layer
Fimbriae

Question 4

Gram negative bacteria cells have an ____ membrane.

Answer 4

Outer

Question 5

A ____ is a double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes in some bacteria

Answer 5

Plasmid

Question 6

A _____ is an appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it

Answer 6

Pilus

Question 7

______ do not have internal membrane bound organelles. They do share some basic structures in common with eukaryotes including cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes, and usually a cell wall.

Answer 7

Prokaryotes (bacteria)

Question 8

In eukaryotic cells only ____ have a cell wall.

Answer 8

Plants

Question 9

The ____ is a membrane bound structure that contains the chromosomes and eukaryotic cells. The _____ is the aggregated mass of DNA that constitutes the chromosome of bacteria and Archaea

Answer 9

Nucleus
Nucleoid

Question 10

______ are circular extra chromosomal genetic elements that are not essential for growth. They often carry drug resistant genes.

Answer 10

Plasmids

Question 11

Cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria are composed of ____ similar to eukaryotic cells. The proteins involved in ____ synthesis are found in bedded in the membrane of bacteria.

Answer 11

Phospholipids
ATP

Question 12

____ ____ in the membrane is a site of many proteins that participate in transport, bioenergetics and chemotaxis

Answer 12

Protein anchor

Question 13

Another function of bacterial membrane is ___ ____. It serves as a site of generation and use of the proton motive force.

Answer 13

Energy conservation

Question 14

Many bacterial cell walls are made of _____. Peptide bonds and glucosidic binds hold this structure together

Answer 14

Peptidoglycan

Question 15

Peptidoglycan consists of strands of alternating repeats of ____ and _____ with the latter cross-linked between strands by peptides.

Answer 15

N-acetylglucosamine
N- acetylmuramic acid

Question 16

Each peptidoglycan, repeating subunits is composed of four amino acids: ____, _____, ____ , ____. and two N-acetyl glucose like sugars

Answer 16

L alanine
D alanine
D glutamic acid
Lysine

Question 17

Here is a unit of peptidoglycan:
It is linked left to right using ____ bonds and linked top to bottom using ____ bonds.

Answer 17

Glycosidic
Peptide

Question 18

This picture is showing:

Answer 18

Glycosidic bonds between sugars G and
M. And peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 19

Bacteria are constantly breaking down and remaking ____ in the cell wall because they are consonantly replicating. Drugs commonly target the cell wall of bacteria like penicillin

Answer 19

Peptidoglycan

Question 20

_____ is a sugar protein rich area that gets secreted out onto the surface of a cell. If it is loosely associated with the cell, we call it a ___ ___.

Answer 20

Capsule
Slime layer

Question 21

Capsules and slime layers form _____, where cells form a dense mat bound together by sticky extra cellular deposits. Additional microbes are attached to develop in film and create a mature community with complex function

Answer 21

Biofilm

Question 22

What are the important encapsulated bacteria?

Answer 22

Question 23

Encapsulated bacteria can avoid our ___ system.

Answer 23

Immune

Question 24

What are the four structures that all cellular life have in common? What are the functions of those structures?

Answer 24

Question 25

What is a plasmid?

Answer 25

Question 26

Describe the structure of the cell wall of bacteria. What is it composed of? How is it constructed?

Answer 26

Question 27

Classifying bacteria by morphology

Answer 27

Question 28

_____ improves contrast. Examples of common stains are methylene, blue, saffron, and crystal violet. Dyes generally carry a ____ charge.

Answer 28

Staining Positive

Question 29

A ____ is prepared by spreading culture in a thin film over a slide, and allowing it to dry

Answer 29

Smear

Question 30

____ ____ is when you pass the slide through a flame to ensure the bacteria will stick on the slide while staining

Answer 30

Heat fixing

Question 31

When viewing a slide under a microscope a drop of ___ should be placed on the slide and examined with ____ objective lens

Answer 31

Oil 100x

Question 32

The oil ensure that the ____ moves through the glass continues to to move through a substance that has the same refraction as glass to capture as much light as possible

Answer 32

Light

Question 33

This is showing

Answer 33

Cocci in chains

Question 34

Gram staining is a differential stain. Bacteria can be divided into three major groups: ____, ____, and ____

Answer 34

Gram-positive Gram-negative On stainable

Question 35

What is this picture showing

Answer 35

Gram-positive cocci bacteria Gram-negative rod bacteria

Question 36

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have a ____ ___ but they differ in structure. Gram ____ cell walls tend to be very thick. ____ acid is only found in gram positive cell walls

Answer 36

Cell wall Teichoic acid

Question 37

This is showing

Answer 37

Gram positive cell wall under a microscope, it appears very smooth

Question 38

Gram negative cell walls have a ___ layer of Peptidoglycan. The crystal violet dye is unable to crystallize in the peptidoglycan of a gram-negative bacteria due to the ____ membrane.

Answer 38

Thin Outer Outer

Question 39

The ____ is the space between the end of the cytoplasmic membrane to the start of the outer membrane

Answer 39

Periplasm

Question 40

_______ is a component of gram-negative cell walls that contain Lipid A, which is a toxin to other cells. Lipid a is called a _____.

Answer 40

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Endotoxin

Question 41

What is this showing

Answer 41

Gram negative cell wall under a microscope, appear more rough

Question 42

Bacteria that do not Gram stain well are classified. _____ means too thin to be visualized. ____ means the cell wall has high lipid content. _____ means there is no cell wall (it dissolves in dye)

Answer 42

Leptospira Mycobacteria Mycoplasma

Question 43

These are all examples of….

Answer 43

Bacteria that lack the classic Peptidoglycan cell wall and can not be stained as well

Question 44

_____ stain binds to the phosphate groups of DNA in AT rich sections also used to visualize chromosomes of cells. Used to visualize chlamydia, borrelia, rickettsia

Answer 44

Giemsa

Question 45

______ stain is used for mycobacteria and Norcardia. It uses carbofuchsin and heat to make the organisms retain the dye even after the application of acid alcohol.

Answer 45

Acid-fast

Question 46

What is the difference between a simple staining procedure and a differential staining procedure?

Answer 46

Question 47

Compare gram-positive cell walls to gram-negative cell walls

Answer 47

Question 48

Name reasons why a bacterial cell would not be stainable

Answer 48

Question 49

____ ____ is bacteria cell division. Steps are cell _____, ____ formation, and cell _____.

Answer 49

Binary fission Elongation Septum Separation

Question 50

Bacteria cells grow _____, which is best seen by plotting the number of cells over time.

Answer 50

Exponentially

Question 51

Exponential growth plays in to pathways of _____. They can colonize and grow very rapidly

Answer 51

Infection

Question 52

The most common portals of entry include your ____, ____ tract, and ____ tract.

Answer 52

Skin GI Respiratory

Question 53

Wounds in your ____ can be an entry point for bacteria. _____ that cause skin rashes usually enter at other sites of the body and then spread systemically

Answer 53

Skin Viruses

Question 54

Pathogens can reside in ingested ___ or ___ and infect the GI tract

Answer 54

Food Water

Question 55

_____ is a commonly inhaled pathogen that causes a sore throat

Answer 55

Streptococcal

Question 56

______ transmitted infections account for 4% of all infections worldwide. They mainly infect the urogenital tract

Answer 56

Sexually

Question 57

Some pathogen such as ____ can cross the placenta and enter the umbilical vein. The common infections of fetus and neonate are grouped together in a unified cluster known by the acronym _____, this stands for: ________

Answer 57

Syphilis TORCH: toxoplasmosis, other diseases, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex

Question 58

Pathogens use _____, ______, or _____ to attach themselves to the host

Answer 58

Fimbriae Capsules Spikes

Question 59

_____ ____ are virulence factors that help pathogens cause an infection. The most aggressive strategy involves bacteria that kill ____.

Answer 59

Antiphagocytic factors Phagocytes

Question 60

Species of strep and staph both produce ____ substances that are toxic to white blood cells

Answer 60

Leukocidins

Question 61

Some bacteria have adapted to survive ____ phagocytes after ingestion

Answer 61

Inside

Question 62

_____ _____ are secreted by pathogens they break down and damage tissues, dissolve the host defense barriers, and promote the spread of microbes to deeper tissue

Answer 62

Extracellular enzymes

Question 63

_____ are classified by target, organ system, mechanism of production and biological function

Answer 63

Toxins

Question 64

______ can deliver toxins into a cell

Answer 64

Injectosome

Question 65

____ produces at least three different types of toxins (enterotoxin, endotoxin, and cytotoxin)

Answer 65

Salmonella

Question 66

A _____ is a type of virulence factor and is a iron scavenging protein

Answer 66

Siderophores

Question 67

______ inhibits host cell protein synthesis. Functions within the G.I. tract.

Answer 67

Cytotoxin (enterotoxin)

Question 68

_____ inhibits, compliment, binding and antibodies function also used for adherence

Answer 68

Capsule

Question 69

_____ is used for motility adherence and inhibiting phagocyte killing

Answer 69

Flagellum

Question 70

_____ inhibits phagocyte killing

Answer 70

O antigen

Question 71

_____ is derived from LPS in the outer membrane

Answer 71

Endotoxin

Question 72

_____ are secreted into the environment by the pathogen

Answer 72

Exotoxin

Question 73

_____ exotoxin causes cell lysis. It creates an ____ ____ in the cytoplasmic membrane on the target cell that allows for influx and efflux of material

Answer 73

Cytolytic Alpha pore

Question 74

Some cytolytic exotoxins directly target red blood cells. They are called _____. (Alpha, beta, gamma)

Answer 74

Hemolysins

Question 75

_____ hemolytic bacteria produce a cytolytic exotoxin that damage red blood cells and spill out their contents, and those contents become oxidized, forming a brownish green color in the Petri dish

Answer 75

Alpha

Question 76

_____ hemolytic bacteria produce cytolytic exotoxins that completely destroy red blood cells.

Answer 76

Beta

Question 77

_____ hemolytic bacteria do not produce toxins against red blood cells.

Answer 77

Gamma

Question 78

____ toxins have an active part and the binder part. An example is the A will phosphorylate _____ , translation is stoped and cell dies

Answer 78

AB EF2

Question 79

____ is an exotoxin that specifically affects the nervous system. Example is _____ it blocks the release of acetylcholine, the cell is no longer able to control muscle movement

Answer 79

Neurotoxin Botulism

Question 80

______ is a neurotoxin that binds to inhibitory interneurons, preventing release of lysing. This prevents the muscle from being able to relax.

Answer 80

Tetanus

Question 81

_______ is an exotoxin that functions by forcing a T helper cell to bind to a macrophage or B cell. This causes inflammation, activates a lot T helper cells and produces a ____ ____ which can be lethal

Answer 81

Superantigen Cytokine storm

Question 82

______ is the most common example of an endotoxin. It produces Lipid A. this is not an exotoxin because it is not being secreted.

Answer 82

LPS

Question 83

What is this showing?

Answer 83

LPS.

Question 84

_____ can target specific cells and are generally destroyed by heat, generally only need low doses. They don’t always cause fevers.

Answer 84

Exotoxin

Question 85

_____ are usually part of the cell itself, it gets released in high concentrations which caused general physiological factors, such as fever malaise aches. Not easily destroyed by heat.

Answer 85

Endotoxin

Question 86

Review

Answer 86