Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Medicine: Exam II > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

All bacteria have a ____ ____ which is a thin sheet of lipid and proteins surrounding the cytoplasm

A

Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All bacteria have a _____, which is composed of condensed DNA molecules. All bacteria also have ____, composed of protein and RNA. All bacteria also have a _____, a water based solution filling the entire cell.

A

Nucleoid or bacterial chromosome
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____ is a layer of protein used for protection and attachment. ____ are fine hairlike bristles extending from cell surface that help with adhesion. Not all bacteria have these features

A

S layer
Fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gram negative bacteria cells have an ____ membrane.

A

Outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A ____ is a double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes in some bacteria

A

Plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A _____ is an appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it

A

Pilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ do not have internal membrane bound organelles. They do share some basic structures in common with eukaryotes including cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes, and usually a cell wall.

A

Prokaryotes (bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In eukaryotic cells only ____ have a cell wall.

A

Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ____ is a membrane bound structure that contains the chromosomes and eukaryotic cells. The _____ is the aggregated mass of DNA that constitutes the chromosome of bacteria and Archaea

A

Nucleus
Nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

______ are circular extra chromosomal genetic elements that are not essential for growth. They often carry drug resistant genes.

A

Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria are composed of ____ similar to eukaryotic cells. The proteins involved in ____ synthesis are found in bedded in the membrane of bacteria.

A

Phospholipids
ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ ____ in the membrane is a site of many proteins that participate in transport, bioenergetics and chemotaxis

A

Protein anchor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Another function of bacterial membrane is ___ ____. It serves as a site of generation and use of the proton motive force.

A

Energy conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Many bacterial cell walls are made of _____. Peptide bonds and glucosidic binds hold this structure together

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Peptidoglycan consists of strands of alternating repeats of ____ and _____ with the latter cross-linked between strands by peptides.

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N- acetylmuramic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Each peptidoglycan, repeating subunits is composed of four amino acids: ____, _____, ____ , ____. and two N-acetyl glucose like sugars

A

L alanine
D alanine
D glutamic acid
Lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Here is a unit of peptidoglycan:
It is linked left to right using ____ bonds and linked top to bottom using ____ bonds.

A

Glycosidic
Peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This picture is showing:

A

Glycosidic bonds between sugars G and
M. And peptide bonds between amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bacteria are constantly breaking down and remaking ____ in the cell wall because they are consonantly replicating. Drugs commonly target the cell wall of bacteria like penicillin

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ is a sugar protein rich area that gets secreted out onto the surface of a cell. If it is loosely associated with the cell, we call it a ___ ___.

A

Capsule
Slime layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Capsules and slime layers form _____, where cells form a dense mat bound together by sticky extra cellular deposits. Additional microbes are attached to develop in film and create a mature community with complex function

A

Biofilm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the important encapsulated bacteria?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Encapsulated bacteria can avoid our ___ system.

A

Immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the four structures that all cellular life have in common? What are the functions of those structures?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a plasmid?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the structure of the cell wall of bacteria. What is it composed of? How is it constructed?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Classifying bacteria by morphology

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

_____ improves contrast. Examples of common stains are methylene, blue, saffron, and crystal violet. Dyes generally carry a ____ charge.

A

Staining
Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A ____ is prepared by spreading culture in a thin film over a slide, and allowing it to dry

A

Smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

____ ____ is when you pass the slide through a flame to ensure the bacteria will stick on the slide while staining

A

Heat fixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When viewing a slide under a microscope a drop of ___ should be placed on the slide and examined with ____ objective lens

A

Oil
100x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The oil ensure that the ____ moves through the glass continues to to move through a substance that has the same refraction as glass to capture as much light as possible

A

Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

This is showing

A

Cocci in chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Gram staining is a differential stain. Bacteria can be divided into three major groups: ____, ____, and ____

A

Gram-positive
Gram-negative
On stainable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is this picture showing

A

Gram-positive cocci bacteria
Gram-negative rod bacteria

36
Q

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have a ____ ___ but they differ in structure. Gram ____ cell walls tend to be very thick. ____ acid is only found in gram positive cell walls

A

Cell wall
Teichoic acid

37
Q

This is showing

A

Gram positive cell wall under a microscope, it appears very smooth

38
Q

Gram negative cell walls have a ___ layer of Peptidoglycan. The crystal violet dye is unable to crystallize in the peptidoglycan of a gram-negative bacteria due to the ____ membrane.

A

Thin
Outer
Outer

39
Q

The ____ is the space between the end of the cytoplasmic membrane to the start of the outer membrane

A

Periplasm

40
Q

_______ is a component of gram-negative cell walls that contain Lipid A, which is a toxin to other cells. Lipid a is called a _____.

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Endotoxin

41
Q

What is this showing

A

Gram negative cell wall under a microscope, appear more rough

42
Q

Bacteria that do not Gram stain well are classified. _____ means too thin to be visualized. ____ means the cell wall has high lipid content. _____ means there is no cell wall (it dissolves in dye)

A

Leptospira
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma

43
Q

These are all examples of….

A

Bacteria that lack the classic Peptidoglycan cell wall and can not be stained as well

44
Q

_____ stain binds to the phosphate groups of DNA in AT rich sections also used to visualize chromosomes of cells. Used to visualize chlamydia, borrelia, rickettsia

A

Giemsa

45
Q

______ stain is used for mycobacteria and Norcardia. It uses carbofuchsin and heat to make the organisms retain the dye even after the application of acid alcohol.

A

Acid-fast

46
Q

What is the difference between a simple staining procedure and a differential staining procedure?

A
47
Q

Compare gram-positive cell walls to gram-negative cell walls

A
48
Q

Name reasons why a bacterial cell would not be stainable

A
49
Q

____ ____ is bacteria cell division. Steps are cell _____, ____ formation, and cell _____.

A

Binary fission
Elongation
Septum
Separation

50
Q

Bacteria cells grow _____, which is best seen by plotting the number of cells over time.

A

Exponentially

51
Q

Exponential growth plays in to pathways of _____. They can colonize and grow very rapidly

A

Infection

52
Q

The most common portals of entry include your ____, ____ tract, and ____ tract.

A

Skin
GI
Respiratory

53
Q

Wounds in your ____ can be an entry point for bacteria. _____ that cause skin rashes usually enter at other sites of the body and then spread systemically

A

Skin
Viruses

54
Q

Pathogens can reside in ingested ___ or ___ and infect the GI tract

A

Food
Water

55
Q

_____ is a commonly inhaled pathogen that causes a sore throat

A

Streptococcal

56
Q

______ transmitted infections account for 4% of all infections worldwide. They mainly infect the urogenital tract

A

Sexually

57
Q

Some pathogen such as ____ can cross the placenta and enter the umbilical vein. The common infections of fetus and neonate are grouped together in a unified cluster known by the acronym _____, this stands for: ________

A

Syphilis
TORCH: toxoplasmosis, other diseases, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex

58
Q

Pathogens use _____, ______, or _____ to attach themselves to the host

A

Fimbriae
Capsules
Spikes

59
Q

_____ ____ are virulence factors that help pathogens cause an infection. The most aggressive strategy involves bacteria that kill ____.

A

Antiphagocytic factors
Phagocytes

60
Q

Species of strep and staph both produce ____ substances that are toxic to white blood cells

A

Leukocidins

61
Q

Some bacteria have adapted to survive ____ phagocytes after ingestion

A

Inside

62
Q

_____ _____ are secreted by pathogens they break down and damage tissues, dissolve the host defense barriers, and promote the spread of microbes to deeper tissue

A

Extracellular enzymes

63
Q

_____ are classified by target, organ system, mechanism of production and biological function

A

Toxins

64
Q

______ can deliver toxins into a cell

A

Injectosome

65
Q

____ produces at least three different types of toxins (enterotoxin, endotoxin, and cytotoxin)

A

Salmonella

66
Q

A _____ is a type of virulence factor and is a iron scavenging protein

A

Siderophores

67
Q

______ inhibits host cell protein synthesis. Functions within the G.I. tract.

A

Cytotoxin (enterotoxin)

68
Q

_____ inhibits, compliment, binding and antibodies function also used for adherence

A

Capsule

69
Q

_____ is used for motility adherence and inhibiting phagocyte killing

A

Flagellum

70
Q

_____ inhibits phagocyte killing

A

O antigen

71
Q

_____ is derived from LPS in the outer membrane

A

Endotoxin

72
Q

_____ are secreted into the environment by the pathogen

A

Exotoxin

73
Q

_____ exotoxin causes cell lysis. It creates an ____ ____ in the cytoplasmic membrane on the target cell that allows for influx and efflux of material

A

Cytolytic
Alpha pore

74
Q

Some cytolytic exotoxins directly target red blood cells. They are called _____. (Alpha, beta, gamma)

A

Hemolysins

75
Q

_____ hemolytic bacteria produce a cytolytic exotoxin that damage red blood cells and spill out their contents, and those contents become oxidized, forming a brownish green color in the Petri dish

A

Alpha

76
Q

_____ hemolytic bacteria produce cytolytic exotoxins that completely destroy red blood cells.

A

Beta

77
Q

_____ hemolytic bacteria do not produce toxins against red blood cells.

A

Gamma

78
Q

____ toxins have an active part and the binder part. An example is the A will phosphorylate _____ , translation is stoped and cell dies

A

AB
EF2

79
Q

____ is an exotoxin that specifically affects the nervous system. Example is _____ it blocks the release of acetylcholine, the cell is no longer able to control muscle movement

A

Neurotoxin
Botulism

80
Q

______ is a neurotoxin that binds to inhibitory interneurons, preventing release of lysing. This prevents the muscle from being able to relax.

A

Tetanus

81
Q

_______ is an exotoxin that functions by forcing a T helper cell to bind to a macrophage or B cell. This causes inflammation, activates a lot T helper cells and produces a ____ ____ which can be lethal

A

Superantigen
Cytokine storm

82
Q

______ is the most common example of an endotoxin. It produces Lipid A. this is not an exotoxin because it is not being secreted.

A

LPS

83
Q

What is this showing?

A

LPS.

84
Q

_____ can target specific cells and are generally destroyed by heat, generally only need low doses. They don’t always cause fevers.

A

Exotoxin

85
Q

_____ are usually part of the cell itself, it gets released in high concentrations which caused general physiological factors, such as fever malaise aches. Not easily destroyed by heat.

A

Endotoxin

86
Q

Review

A

Fundamentals of Medicine: Exam II (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions