Immune: The Basics Flashcards
The primary ___ ___ is the skin
Physical barrier
____ ____ trap pathogens that are exposed to the outside environment
Mucous membrane
The ___ ____ competes for pathogens for nutrients and space
Normal flora
____ ____ mounts an immediate but no specific response if a pathogen gets past the surface barriers
Innate response
The ____ ____ takes longer but is more effective and specifically targets the pathogen. It also has a memory
Adaptive response
All leukocytes (white blood cells) are derived from ____ ____ cells in the bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem
The first response of the innate immune system is inflammation. _____ ingest the pathogen and release cytokines which are inflammatory inducing.
Macrophages
Inflammation causes more blood flow and faster reaction from ____ that come from the blood
Neutrophils
Activated endothelial cells that line the blood vessel attach to neutrophils, slow them down and allow them to ____ through
Squeeze
Neutrophils ____ bacteria, and destroy them with toxic peroxides. They release highly oxidated materials, known as an ___ ___ that kills pathogens, faster and more efficiently. This also kills the neutrophils which results in ___
Engulf
Oxidative burst
Pus
The adaptive immune response begins with antigen presenting cells (APC): ____ cells and ____
Dendritic
Macrophages
Dendritic cells swallow pathogens, cut them into pieces and display them on their ____
Surface
____ ____ pick up the dendritic cells and bring them to lymph nodes. Were they present the antigen to ____ ___
Lymphatic capillaries
T cells
If the pathogen itself travels to the lymph node it may encounter a ___ ___ that recognizes it
B cell
The ___ ___ is key to the adaptive immune system. Matched T cells and B cells undergo differentiation, called ___ ___. This process produces memory cells.
Matched system
Clonal expansion
___ ___ are activated cytotoxic T cells that arise from clonal expansion and plasma B cells that produce ___ that are both specific to the pathogen
Effector cells
Antibodies
Cytotoxic T cells and memory B cells leave the lymph nodes and are delivered to the site of ___. Antibodies attached to pathogens and either neutralize them or target them for destruction.
Infection
The ___ ___ runs a “background check” on everything flowing through the blood stream to make sure there are no pathogens
Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system maintains ____ by eventually returning the fluid that has been diverted back into your blood. If this process is blocked ____ would swell, lungs would fill with ___ , and blood volume and pressure would drop
Homeostasis
Ankles
Fluid
____ is a watery solution that does not contain red blood cells. It remains in the closed circulatory loop because they are too large to pass through capillary membrane’s
Lymph
There are 600 or 700 ___ ____ that basically serve as checkpoints that monitor and clean the lymph is it filters through
Lymph nodes
The ___ and ___ provide a nursery for maturing immune cells
Spleen
Thymus
____ carry blood from the arterial and feed blood into your Venul
Capillaries
Blood pressure at capillaries forces ____ out of the arterial end of the capillaries, and into the interstitial fluid. Most of this fluid is reabsorbed via ____ ___ on the Venus end. But some plasma is left behind, which becomes your ____
Plasma
Osmotic pressure
Lymph
