VITAMINS

Question 1

B1

Answer 1

Thiamine

Question 2

B2

Answer 2

Riboflavin

Question 3

B3

Answer 3

Niacin (nicotinic acid)

Question 4

B5

Answer 4

Pantothenic acid

Question 5

B6

Answer 5

Pyridoxine, PLP

Question 6

B7

Answer 6

Biotin (vitamin H)

Question 7

B9

Answer 7

Folic acid/folate

Question 8

B12

Answer 8

Cobalamin

Question 9

B1 is a coenzyme for what reactions? Very important for which 2 enzymes?

Answer 9

• coenzyme for decarboxylation (dehydrogenation) reactions

- very important for pyruvate decarboxylase and alpha keto glutarate dehydrogenase

Question 10

B1 deficiency

Answer 10

Beriberi

Question 11

What is B2 a coenzyme to make what 2 things?

Answer 11

FAD and FMN

Question 12

B2 deficiency leads to what 2 things?

Answer 12

Angular chelitis and magenta tongue

Question 13

B3 is a coenzyme for which 2 things? Important for which 3 steps of metabolism?

Answer 13

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP

- important for glycolysis, TCA, and beta oxidation

Question 14

What do you get with a deficiency in B3?

Answer 14

Pellagra

- 3D’s of pellagara = dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

Question 15

What is B3 made from?

Answer 15

Tryptophan

Question 16

What does B5 help make? Which is important for the formation of what 2 things?

Answer 16

Coenzyme A

Acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA

Question 17

B6 is important in which type of reactions?

Answer 17

Transamination

Question 18

B6 deficiency can lead to what 2 things?

Answer 18

Dermatitis and peripheral neuropathy

Question 19

B7 is an coenzyme for which 2 things? Supplied by what?

Answer 19

Carboxylase enzyme and FA synthesis

Supplied by intestinal bacteria

Question 20

What blocks B7?

Answer 20

Avidin

Question 21

B9 is important in synthesis of what 2 things? What does it transfer?

Answer 21

Tetrahydrofolic acid

• important in synthesis of purines and pyrimidines
• it transfers single carbon fragments/moieties

Question 22

Sulfonamides

Answer 22

Look like PABA and cause competitive inhibition of folic acid synthesis — so you cannot make purines or pyrimidines

Question 23

Deficiency in B9 results in what?

Answer 23

Megaloblastic anemia

- folate is from foliage (mushrooms, green vegetables) — missing from steak, eggs, white bread, milk

Question 24

What is required to absorb B12? What is it secreted from?

Answer 24

Intrinsic factor is required to absorb B12, it is secreted from parietal cells found in the fundic portion of the stomach

Question 25

What does a deficiency in B12 lead to?

Answer 25

Pernicious anemia

Question 26

What are your fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 26

ADEK

Question 27

What are your water soluble vitamins?

Answer 27

B and C

Question 28

What is vitamin A?

Answer 28

Retinol

Question 29

What does vitamin A promote?

Answer 29

Epithelial cell differentiation Rhodopsin

Question 30

What are 3 problems that occur with a deficiency in vitamin A?

Answer 30

Enamel hypoplasia and night blindness (because no rhodopsin) Squamous metaplasia

Question 31

What is another name for vitamin D? What does vitamin D help with?

Answer 31

Cholecalciferol (D3) | - helps with intestinal absorption of calcium magnesium and phosphate

Question 32

Where do you get vitamin D from?

Answer 32

Skin, liver, kidney

Question 33

What does vitamin D deficiency result in kids? Adults?

Answer 33

``` Kids = rickets Adults = osteomalacia ```

Question 34

What are the 3 alternative names for vitamin D?

Answer 34

Ergocalciferol (D2), cholecalciferol (D3), and 1,2 dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)

Question 35

What is the biologically active form of vitamin D?

Answer 35

1,2 dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)

Question 36

Where is 1,2 dihydroxycholecalciferol made?

Answer 36

Kidney

Question 37

Is calcitriol a vitamin, hormone, or both? Explain

Answer 37

Both | - because it can bind to a nuclear receptor (aka vitamin D receptor) to produce effects

Question 38

What is vitamin E?

Answer 38

Tocopherol

Question 39

What is vitamin E function?

Answer 39

Antioxidant prevents free radicals

Question 40

What is vitamin K needed for? Required for synthesis of what?What inhibits it? Where is vitamin K made?

Answer 40

- need for clotting, required for the synthesis of prothrombin - warfarin inhibits it —> inhibits clotting - made by intestinal bacteria, so broad spectrum antibiotic can cause a vitamin K deficiency

Question 41

What does warfarin inhibit?

Answer 41

Vitamin K reductase

Question 42

Vitamin C

Answer 42

Ascorbic acid

Question 43

Kwashiorkor

Answer 43

Small baby with distended belly - results from a protein deficient MEAL - malabsorption, edema, anemia, liver (fatty)

Question 44

Marasmus

Answer 44

Protein AND calorie malnutrition resulting in tissue wasting

Question 45

What can high doses of niacin treat?

Answer 45

HYPERlipidemia

Question 46

Vitamin E deficiency results in which 2 problems?

Answer 46

Neurological syndrome (areflexia) and hemolytic anemia

Question 47

B5 deficiency results in what problem?

Answer 47

Burning foot syndrome