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GO OVER THESE > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hyponaturemia, cerebral edema, and neurological dysfunction

A

Excess ADH

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2
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

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3
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

Hypothyroidism

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4
Q
  • Hypothyroidism in older adults and children

- Slowed metabolism and increased deposition of cutaneous glucosaminoglycans

A

Myxedema

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5
Q

Cretinism

A

Hypothyroidism and associated intellectual deficiency and growth disturbances

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6
Q

How does slowed metabolism and increased deposition of cutaneous glycosaminoglycans effect the skin?

A

Pre-tibial myxedema = imparts a thickened and dry characteristic to cutaneous tissues

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7
Q

High levels of growth hormone in adults, after growth plates have fused

A

Acromegaly

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8
Q

High levels of growth hormone before the fusion of growth plates

A

Gigantism

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9
Q
  • chronic adrenocortical insufficiency
  • destruction of adrenal cortex
  • mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation
A

Addison disease

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10
Q

Adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the adrenal gland usually related to a bacterial infection (often niesseria meningitis)

A

Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

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11
Q
  • Hyperaldosteronism secretion
  • HTN
  • Na and water retention
  • hypokalemia
A

Conn syndrome

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12
Q

High levels of exogenous corticosteroids

- moon faces, buffalo hump, peripheral wasting, cutaneous striae, osteoporosis

A

Cushing syndrome

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13
Q

High levels of exogenous corticosteroids

  • when occurring specifically related to an ACTH-producing neoplasm
  • hyperpigmentation of mucocutaneous tissues
A

Cushing disease

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14
Q
  • Post-infectious
  • anti-streptolysin O antibodies in serum
  • Hematuria = RBC casts
  • Neutrophil-mediated damage
  • oliguria
  • azotemia
  • HTN
  • reduced GFR
A

Nephritis glomerular disease

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15
Q
  • periorbital edema
  • proteinuria
  • hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.5g of protein or more lost per day in urine)
  • generalized edema
  • hyperlipidemia
  • lipiduria
A

Nephrotic

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16
Q

All variants of nephrotic syndrome share a common derangement, what is it?

A

Capillary wall damage leading to increased permeability of plasma proteins

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17
Q

Minimal change disease

A

Nephrotic

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18
Q
  • common between 1-7 years
  • light microscopy appears normal
  • electron microscopy = effacement of podocyte foot processes
  • no HTN
  • renal function normal
  • periobital edema
A

Minimal change disease (nephrotic syndrome)

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19
Q

What is the treatment for minimal change disease?

Prognosis?

A 
Treatment = cortical steroids produce a rapid response
Prognosis = excellent
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20
Q
  • diffuse infiltrate of neutrophils (aka PMNs) (also monocytes) in glomerulus
  • increase in numbers of endothelial and mesangial cells
  • deposition of immune complexes
  • granular deposits of IgG and complement
  • low levels of complement
A

Acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis

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21
Q

Peptic ulcers are most commonly caused by what? 2nd most common? Where is the most common location to find peptic ulcers? What kind of anemia can be a complication of peptic ulcers?

A
  • most common caused by = H.pylori
  • 2nd most common = NSAIDS
  • most common location = duodenum

Iron deficiency anemia

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22
Q

Premature destruction by the spleen

  • sickle cell anemia
  • thalassemia
  • autoimmune
A

Hemolytic anemia

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23
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Non-functioning bone marrow

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24
Q

Overproduction of neoplastic cells in the bone marrow so no space for production of normal RBCs

A

Meylophthisic anemia

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25
Q

Overgrowth and infiltration of superficial epithelial layers

A

Candida albicans

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26
Q
  • pseudomembranous
  • erythematous
  • hyperplastic
  • fungal hyphae and spores on biopsy and cytology
A

Oral candidiasis

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27
Q

Neoplasm of plasma cells

A

Multiple myeloma

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28
Q

Amyloidosis

A
  • deposition of amyloid in tissue
  • occurs in patients on hemodialysis
  • amyloid = beta pleated sheets
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29
Q
  • Congo red
  • apple green birefringence
  • m-spike elevated levels of Ig
  • bence jones proteins in the urine
A

Multiple myeloma

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30
Q
  • represent Ig light chain from antibodies produced by neoplastic plasma cells
  • identified by electrophoresis
  • also seen in waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
A

Bence jones proteins - in multiple myeloma

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31
Q

Plasmablastic lymphoma

A

More common in the HIV patients

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32
Q

Reed-steinberg cells

A
  • owl eyes

- Hodgkin lymphoma

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33
Q

Bimodal distribution 15-40 years, then over 56 years

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

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34
Q
  • EBV

- starry sky

A

Burkitt lymphoma

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35
Q

Ischemia, architecture maintained, no nuclei

A

Coagulation necrosis

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36
Q

Infection, yellow pus, inflammatory cells with numerous neutrophils

A

Liquefaction necrosis

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37
Q

Ischemia of lower limbs

A

Gangrenous necrosis

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38
Q

TB, cottage cheese like, granuloma

A

Caseous necrosis

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39
Q

Acute inflammation affecting tissues with adipocytes

- pancreas and breast tissue

A

Fat necrosis

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40
Q
  • vascular damage

- autoimmune, immune complex deposition, infections, viruses (spirochete, rickettsia)

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

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41
Q

Tophus

A

Gout

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42
Q

Pannus

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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43
Q

Aschoff body

A

Rheumatic fever

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44
Q

Heberden node

A

Osteoarthritis

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45
Q

Wire-loop lesion

A

Lupus nephritis

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46
Q

Abnormal, disorganized growth

A

Dysplasia

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47
Q

Change in phenotype of cell

A

Metaplasia

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48
Q

Thickening of epithelium (usually spinous layer)

A

Acanthosis

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49
Q

Presence of parakeratin

A

Parakeratosis

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50
Q

Presence of orthokeratin

A

Orthokeratosis

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51
Q

Excess keratin

A

Hyperkeratosis

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52
Q

Intercellular edema causing cells to pull away from one another

A

Spongiosis

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53
Q
  • multiple basal cell carcinoma
  • multiple odontogenic keratocysts
  • intercranial calcifications (falx cerebri)
  • rib and vertebral anomalies (most common is bifid ribs)
  • chromosome 9
  • PATCH gene
A
  • nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

- Goriand syndrome

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54
Q

Cyst that occurs due to genetic changes in odontogenic epithelium

A

Odontogenic keratocysts

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55
Q

Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? Hematuria

A

Nephritic

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56
Q

Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? HTN

A

Nephritic

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57
Q

Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? Proteinuria

A

Nephrotic

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58
Q

Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? Red blood cell casts in the urine

A

Nephritic

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59
Q

Decreased factor VIII

A

Hemophilia A

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60
Q

Decreased factor IX

A

Hemophilia B aka Christmas disease

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61
Q

Decreased number thrombocytes

A

Thrombocytopenia

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62
Q

Decreased serum calcium

A

Chelation of calcium prevents coagulation in-vitro

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63
Q
  • oral abscess
  • board-hard lesion
  • sulfur or sulfur-like granules
  • actinomyces Israeli
A

Actinomycosis (NOT fungal infection)

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64
Q

Furuncle

A

Skin abscess

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65
Q
  • acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
  • necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
  • trench mouth
  • punched out interdental papilla
  • crater-like necrosis
  • grey pseudomembranous of gingiva
A

Vincent’s infection

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66
Q
  • fuseobacterium nucleatum
  • prevotella intermedia
  • porphyromonas gingivalis
  • treponema spp
  • selenomonas spp
A

Organisms that can cause Vincent’s infection

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67
Q

Grey pseudomembrane of oropharyngeal tonsilar tissues

A

Diptheria

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68
Q

Oral squamous cell carcinoma survival rate

A

55%

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69
Q

Lung cancer survival rate

A

18%

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70
Q

Malignant melanoma survival rate

A

90%

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71
Q

Pancreatic cancer survival rate

A

7%

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72
Q

Colonic carcinoma survival rate

A

65%

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73
Q

Carcinoma of the breast, if it is metastatic what will it show an increase of?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

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74
Q
  • alkaline phosphatase
  • acid phosphatase
  • PSA
A

Metastatic prostate carcinoma

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75
Q
  • paget disease

- increased alkaline phosphatase

A

Osteitis deformans

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76
Q

Transitional cells

A

Bladder

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77
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

Respiratory

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78
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

A

Oral lining mucosa

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79
Q
  • primary surfactant deficiency
  • premature birth (prior to 28 weeks)
  • lungs fail to inflate
  • hyaline membranes
A

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (acute)

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80
Q
  • seen in septic shock, gastric aspiration, severe trauma
  • damage mediated by neutrophils
  • hyaline membranes
A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

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81
Q

What can these 3 separate problems cause?

  • increased airway resistance
  • airway edema
  • bronchospasm
  • increased secretion of mucous
A

Asthma attack

82
Q

What are these symptoms complications from?

  • hyaline arteriosclerosis
  • proliferative retinopathy
  • nodular glomerulonephritis
  • peripheral symmetric neuropathy
A

Diabetes

83
Q
  • formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
  • activation of protein kinase C
  • disturbances in polyol pathways
A

3 pathways related to hyperglycemia that are responsible for complications in diabetes mellitus

84
Q

What causes hairy tongue? Where is it found?

A

EBV, on the dorsal surface of the tongue

85
Q

Where is oral hairy leukoplakia found?

A

Lateral borders of the tongue

86
Q
  • most common opportunistic infection in people with HIV infection
A

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

87
Q

Mononucleosis-like syndrome

A

Acute reaction in select patients

88
Q

Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)

A

Kaposi sarcoma

89
Q

Later manifestation in AIDS

A

Wasting syndrome

90
Q
  • maxillary infection

- valveless veins

A

Cavernous sinus infection

91
Q

Submandibular infection

A

Ludwig’s angina

92
Q

External ear changes

A

Treacher Collins

93
Q

Strawberry tongue

A

Scarlet fever

94
Q

Yellow papules (sebaceous glands)

A

Fordyce granules

95
Q

Turner tooth

A

From trauma during tooth development

96
Q

Intrinsic stain

A

Tetracycline use

97
Q
  • moveable mucosa

- white with red ring

A

Recurrent aphthous ulcer

98
Q
  • deep
  • desmosomes
  • Basement membrane separation
  • positive nakolsky sign
  • fluorescence
A

Pemphigoid (BMMP)

99
Q
  • superepithelial
    • nikolsky sign
  • IgG
  • fluorescence
A

Pemphigus vulgaris

100
Q
  • veneral wart

- HPV

A

Condyloma acuminatum

101
Q
  • yeast
  • white
  • wipeable and red under
  • thrush
A

Candidiasis pseudomembranous

102
Q
  • median rhomboid glossitis
  • atrophy of filiform
  • dorsal on tongue
  • under denture
A

Chronic candidiasis

103
Q
  • trigeminal ganglion
  • lip, skin
  • vesicles
  • non moveable hard palate/gingiva
  • cluster
  • trigger event
A

Recurrent herpes simplex

104
Q
  • chronic trauma
  • nerve with scar tissue
  • firm lump
A

Traumatic neuroma

105
Q
  • like pyogenic
  • mandibular 1st molar
  • multi-nucleated giant cells
A

Peripheral giant cell granuloma

106
Q
  • intrabony

- multinucleated giant cells

A

Central giant cell granuloma

107
Q
  • epithelium
  • white
  • cauliflower
  • elevated
  • gingiva
  • palate
  • tongue
A

Squamous papilloma

108
Q
  • connective tissue
  • reactive hyperplasia
  • trauma
A

Fibroma

109
Q
  • dorsum of tongue
  • granular cytoplasm
  • like SCC
A

Granular cell tumor

110
Q
  • white patch
  • non wipeable
  • pre malignant
A

Leukoplakia

111
Q
  • red plaque
  • non wipeable
  • pre malignant
A

Erythroplakia/leukoplakia

112
Q
  • actinic cheilitis precedes
  • border of tongue
  • floor of mouth is worst
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

113
Q
  • post mandibular

- poor defined with sclerotic border

A

Metastatic Disease to jaw

114
Q
  • canalicular
  • upper lip
  • nodule
  • not mucocele
A

Monomorphic adenoma

115
Q
  • cell edema
  • African
  • bilateral buccal mucosa
  • disappears when tugged
A

Leukoedema

116
Q
  • red, swollen
  • hyperplastic gingiva
  • bleeds
  • purpura
  • low neutrophils
A

Leukemia

117
Q
  • most common salivary gland tumor
  • palate
  • pre-neoplasm
A

Pleomorphic adenoma

118
Q
  • peripheral invasion

- parotid

A

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

119
Q
  • between roots
  • mandibular premolars
  • epithelial lining
A

Lateral periodontal cyst

120
Q
  • post mand
  • odontogenic
  • multiocular
  • columnar cell rev. Polarized
A

Ameloblastoma

121
Q
  • anterior max

- snow flake calcifications around crown

A

Adenomatous odontogenic tumor

122
Q
  • lack enamel
  • discolored
  • modeled
A

Amelogenesis imperfecta

123
Q
  • opalescent dentin
  • blue/gray
  • blue sclera
  • no pulp
  • bone fractures
A

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

124
Q
  • jaw expansion
  • bilateral
  • puffy cheeks
  • radiolucencies
A

Cherubism

125
Q
  • unilateral
  • cafe au lait (McCune Albright)
  • ground glass
A

Fibrous dysplasia

126
Q
  • non vital
  • chronic inflammation
  • separate from root
A

Condensing osteitis (sclerosing)

127
Q
  • vital tooth

- opacity in lucent rim

A

Idiopathic osteosclerosis

128
Q
  • radiolucent with scalloped margins (follows root contour)
A

Traumatic bone cyst

129
Q
  • cotton wool
  • hypercementosis
  • mosaic pattern
  • increased alkaline phosphatase
A

Pagets bone disease

130
Q
  • langerhan cells
  • DM
  • exophthalmos
  • bone lesion
  • floating tooth
A

Langerhan cell disease

131
Q
  • enlargement of canal/foramina
A

Neurofibromas/schwannoma

132
Q
  • high recurrence
  • multiocular
  • ameloblastoma
  • basal cell nevus
A

Odontogenic keratocysts

133
Q
  • gorlin
  • odontogenic keratocysts
  • bifid rib
  • falx cerebri calcification
A

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma

134
Q
  • line alba

- rough white

A

Morsciatio buccarum (cheek bite)

135
Q
  • multiple osteomas
  • hyperdontia
  • colon polyps
A

Gardner syndrome

136
Q
  • CN 7

- unilateral facial paralysis

A

Bell’s palsy

137
Q
  • drug/viral

- target/bulls eye lesion

A

Erythema multiforme

138
Q
  • red lesion everywhere

- eye, mouth, genitalia

A

Steven Johnson syndrome

139
Q
  • skin thickening

- PDL widening

A

Progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

140
Q
  • red flat depapillated areas
  • white borders
  • moves
A

Migratory glossitis (geographic tongue)

141
Q
  • white
  • coagulative surface necrosis
  • some-what wipeable
A

Aspirin burn

142
Q
  • upper lip
  • no metastasizing
  • raised margins
A

Basal cell carcinoma

143
Q
  • trauma

- bluish

A

Mucocele

144
Q
  • floor of mouth
  • frogs belly
  • recurrence
  • mucin
A

Ranula

145
Q
  • hexosaminidase A enzyme defect
  • GM2 ganglioside lipid accumulation
  • brain retina
A

Tay Sachs disease

146
Q
  • glucosidase (glucocerebrosidase) enzyme defect
  • glucocerebroside lipid accumulation
  • liver, spleen, bone marrow, brain
  • anemia, fatigue, low platelet, easy bruising, hepatosplenomegaly, bleeding
A

Gaucher’s disease

147
Q
  • sphinomyelinase enzyme defect
  • sphingomyelin lipid accumulation
  • brain, liver, spleen
A

Neimann pick disease

148
Q
  • arylsulfate A enzyme defect
  • sulfatide lipid accumulation
  • brain, liver, kidney, peripheral nerves
A

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

149
Q
  • galactosidase enzyme defect
  • ceramide trihexoside lipid accumulation
  • skin, kidney
A

Fabrys disease

150
Q
  • galactosylceramidase enzyme defect
  • galactocerebroside lipid accumulation
  • brain
A

Krabbe disease

151
Q
  • type 1 = rootless
  • pulpless
  • apical lucency
A

Dentin dysplasia

152
Q
  • hypodontia (anodontia)
  • skin/hair issues
  • heat intolerance
A

Ectodermal dysplasia (hypohydrotic)

153
Q
  • hyperplastic tissue

- ill fitting denture

A

Epulis fissuratum

154
Q
  • lead line

- blue lone along gingiva

A

Heavy metal intoxication

155
Q
  • Hamartoma
  • red/blue nodule
  • blanches
A

Hemangioma

156
Q
  • lymph filled

- cause of macroglossia

A

Lymphangioma

157
Q
  • seen in Paget’s disease
  • attached to root surface
  • intact PDL
A

Hypercementosis

158
Q
  • cervical swelling
  • palatal petechiae
  • Epstein-Barr
  • sore throat
A

Infectious mononucleosis

159
Q
  • aids
  • HSV 8
  • purple/blue lesions
A

Kaposis sarcoma

160
Q
  • sun exposure
  • keratin plug in center
  • gone in about 4 months
A

Keratoacanthoma

161
Q
  • well demarcated lucency near angle of the mandible

- below IA canal

A

Stafne defect

162
Q
  • parotid swelling
  • lupus
  • RA
  • xerostomia
A

Sjogren syndrome

163
Q

-oncocytoma

A

Parotid swelling seen, tumor

164
Q
  • bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
  • chest x-ray
  • skin lesions
A

Sarcoidosis

165
Q
  • onion skin

- posterior mandible

A

Proliferative periostitis (garre’s)

166
Q

Onion skin

A

Ewing sarcoma

167
Q
  • pigmented macules (lips, tongue, buccal mucosa)

- intestinal polyps

A

Peutz-jeghers syndrome

168
Q

Sun ray appearance

A

Osteosarcoma

169
Q
  • elderly
  • bence jones
  • punched out lesions
A

Multiple myeloma

170
Q
  • deep ulceration on palate

- self resolving

A

Necrotizing sialometaplasia

171
Q
  • air in soft tissue

- air/water syringe

A

Cervical emphysema

172
Q
  • multiple lucency
  • soap bubble
  • like ameloblastoma
  • honey comb
A

Odontogenic myxoma

173
Q
  • pemphigoid
  • pemphigus
  • erosive lichen planus
A

Desquamative gingivitis

174
Q
  • slight radiopaque

- dome shape (sinus)

A

Natural pseudocyst (mucus retention)

175
Q
  • tongue tied
A

Ankyloglossia

176
Q
  • post mand 3rd molars
  • can become ameloblastoma
  • attached to CEJ
A

Dentinogenesis cyst

177
Q

Dilated veins

A

Varices

178
Q

Draining fistula

A

Parulis (gum boil)

179
Q
  • vesicles
  • multiple ulcers
  • inflamed gingiva
A

Primary herpes

180
Q
  • elongation of stylohyoid ligament

- pain on yawning

A

Eagle syndrome

181
Q
  • granulomatous gingiva

- intestinal skip lesion

A

Crohns

182
Q
  • doughy

- midline distribution

A

Dermoid cyst

183
Q
  • heart shaped lucency
A

Incisive canal cyst (duct cyst)

184
Q
  • bilateral buccal mucosa

- thick

A

White sponge nevus

185
Q

Trigger points

A

Trigeminal neuralgia

186
Q
  • intense pain for 1 week
  • unilateral
  • forehead/eye area
A

Neuritis

187
Q
  • vermillion border
  • corner of mouth
  • pre-squamous cell carcinoma
A

Actinic cheilitis

188
Q
  • minor salivary glands of lips

- premalignant

A

Chelitis glandularis

189
Q
  • middle age black women
  • anteiror mandible
  • vital teeth
  • multifocal lucencies that turn opaque over time
A

Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia

190
Q
  • multiple quadrants
  • fibro-osseous lesions
  • secondary to osteomyelitis
A

Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia

191
Q
  • wickmans striae
  • non wipeable
  • white papules
  • can be erosive
A

Peripheral ossifying fibroma

192
Q
  • unerupted supernumerary teeth
  • retain primary
  • no clavicles
  • slow erupt
A

Cleidocranial dysplasia

193
Q
  • multiple nodules (especially tongue)

- cafe au lait pigment (macules)

A

Neurofibromatosis (Von-recklinghausen)

194
Q

Ghost cells

A

Calcifying odontogenic cysts (gorlin’s)

195
Q
  • minor salivary glands are red
  • hard palate
  • pipe smokers
A

Nicotine stomatitis

196
Q
  • after parotid surgery

- sweating of face prior to eating

A

Auriculotemporal syndrome (Frey syndrome)

197
Q
  • tissue swelling with fistula
  • woody consistency
  • sulfur granules
A

Actinomycosis

198
Q

Chronic osteomyelitis

A

Radiolucent and radiodense

199
Q
  • elongated condyle

- chin deviates away from side

A

Condylar hyperplasia

200
Q
  • nonvital toth

- periapical lucency from inflammatory disease

A

Periapical cyst/granuloma

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