Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Hyponaturemia, cerebral edema, and neurological dysfunction
A
Excess ADH
2
Q
Graves’ disease
A
Hyperthyroidism
3
Q
Hashimoto’s
A
Hypothyroidism
4
Q
- Hypothyroidism in older adults and children
- Slowed metabolism and increased deposition of cutaneous glucosaminoglycans
A
Myxedema
5
Q
Cretinism
A
Hypothyroidism and associated intellectual deficiency and growth disturbances
6
Q
How does slowed metabolism and increased deposition of cutaneous glycosaminoglycans effect the skin?
A
Pre-tibial myxedema = imparts a thickened and dry characteristic to cutaneous tissues
7
Q
High levels of growth hormone in adults, after growth plates have fused
A
Acromegaly
8
Q
High levels of growth hormone before the fusion of growth plates
A
Gigantism
9
Q
- chronic adrenocortical insufficiency
- destruction of adrenal cortex
- mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation
A
Addison disease
10
Q
Adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the adrenal gland usually related to a bacterial infection (often niesseria meningitis)
A
Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
11
Q
- Hyperaldosteronism secretion
- HTN
- Na and water retention
- hypokalemia
A
Conn syndrome
12
Q
High levels of exogenous corticosteroids
- moon faces, buffalo hump, peripheral wasting, cutaneous striae, osteoporosis
A
Cushing syndrome
13
Q
High levels of exogenous corticosteroids
- when occurring specifically related to an ACTH-producing neoplasm
- hyperpigmentation of mucocutaneous tissues
A
Cushing disease
14
Q
- Post-infectious
- anti-streptolysin O antibodies in serum
- Hematuria = RBC casts
- Neutrophil-mediated damage
- oliguria
- azotemia
- HTN
- reduced GFR
A
Nephritis glomerular disease
15
Q
- periorbital edema
- proteinuria
- hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.5g of protein or more lost per day in urine)
- generalized edema
- hyperlipidemia
- lipiduria
A
Nephrotic
16
Q
All variants of nephrotic syndrome share a common derangement, what is it?
A
Capillary wall damage leading to increased permeability of plasma proteins
17
Q
Minimal change disease
A
Nephrotic
18
Q
- common between 1-7 years
- light microscopy appears normal
- electron microscopy = effacement of podocyte foot processes
- no HTN
- renal function normal
- periobital edema
A
Minimal change disease (nephrotic syndrome)
19
Q
What is the treatment for minimal change disease?
Prognosis?
A
Treatment = cortical steroids produce a rapid response Prognosis = excellent
20
Q
- diffuse infiltrate of neutrophils (aka PMNs) (also monocytes) in glomerulus
- increase in numbers of endothelial and mesangial cells
- deposition of immune complexes
- granular deposits of IgG and complement
- low levels of complement
A
Acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis
21
Q
Peptic ulcers are most commonly caused by what? 2nd most common? Where is the most common location to find peptic ulcers? What kind of anemia can be a complication of peptic ulcers?
A
- most common caused by = H.pylori
- 2nd most common = NSAIDS
- most common location = duodenum
Iron deficiency anemia
22
Q
Premature destruction by the spleen
- sickle cell anemia
- thalassemia
- autoimmune
A
Hemolytic anemia
23
Q
Aplastic anemia
A
Non-functioning bone marrow
24
Q
Overproduction of neoplastic cells in the bone marrow so no space for production of normal RBCs
A
Meylophthisic anemia
25
Overgrowth and infiltration of superficial epithelial layers
Candida albicans
26
- pseudomembranous
- erythematous
- hyperplastic
- fungal hyphae and spores on biopsy and cytology
Oral candidiasis
27
Neoplasm of plasma cells
Multiple myeloma
28
Amyloidosis
- deposition of amyloid in tissue
- occurs in patients on hemodialysis
- amyloid = beta pleated sheets
29
- Congo red
- apple green birefringence
- m-spike elevated levels of Ig
- bence jones proteins in the urine
Multiple myeloma
30
- represent Ig light chain from antibodies produced by neoplastic plasma cells
- identified by electrophoresis
- also seen in waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma)
Bence jones proteins - in multiple myeloma
31
Plasmablastic lymphoma
More common in the HIV patients
32
Reed-steinberg cells
- owl eyes
| - Hodgkin lymphoma
33
Bimodal distribution 15-40 years, then over 56 years
Hodgkin lymphoma
34
- EBV
| - starry sky
Burkitt lymphoma
35
Ischemia, architecture maintained, no nuclei
Coagulation necrosis
36
Infection, yellow pus, inflammatory cells with numerous neutrophils
Liquefaction necrosis
37
Ischemia of lower limbs
Gangrenous necrosis
38
TB, cottage cheese like, granuloma
Caseous necrosis
39
Acute inflammation affecting tissues with adipocytes
| - pancreas and breast tissue
Fat necrosis
40
- vascular damage
| - autoimmune, immune complex deposition, infections, viruses (spirochete, rickettsia)
Fibrinoid necrosis
41
Tophus
Gout
42
Pannus
Rheumatoid arthritis
43
Aschoff body
Rheumatic fever
44
Heberden node
Osteoarthritis
45
Wire-loop lesion
Lupus nephritis
46
Abnormal, disorganized growth
Dysplasia
47
Change in phenotype of cell
Metaplasia
48
Thickening of epithelium (usually spinous layer)
Acanthosis
49
Presence of parakeratin
Parakeratosis
50
Presence of orthokeratin
Orthokeratosis
51
Excess keratin
Hyperkeratosis
52
Intercellular edema causing cells to pull away from one another
Spongiosis
53
- multiple basal cell carcinoma
- multiple odontogenic keratocysts
- intercranial calcifications (falx cerebri)
- rib and vertebral anomalies (most common is bifid ribs)
- chromosome 9
- PATCH gene
- nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
| - Goriand syndrome
54
Cyst that occurs due to genetic changes in odontogenic epithelium
Odontogenic keratocysts
55
Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? Hematuria
Nephritic
56
Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? HTN
Nephritic
57
Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? Proteinuria
Nephrotic
58
Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? Red blood cell casts in the urine
Nephritic
59
Decreased factor VIII
Hemophilia A
60
Decreased factor IX
Hemophilia B aka Christmas disease
61
Decreased number thrombocytes
Thrombocytopenia
62
Decreased serum calcium
Chelation of calcium prevents coagulation in-vitro
63
- oral abscess
- board-hard lesion
- sulfur or sulfur-like granules
- actinomyces Israeli
Actinomycosis (NOT fungal infection)
64
Furuncle
Skin abscess
65
- acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
- necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
- trench mouth
- punched out interdental papilla
- crater-like necrosis
- grey pseudomembranous of gingiva
Vincent’s infection
66
- fuseobacterium nucleatum
- prevotella intermedia
- porphyromonas gingivalis
- treponema spp
- selenomonas spp
Organisms that can cause Vincent’s infection
67
Grey pseudomembrane of oropharyngeal tonsilar tissues
Diptheria
68
Oral squamous cell carcinoma survival rate
55%
69
Lung cancer survival rate
18%
70
Malignant melanoma survival rate
90%
71
Pancreatic cancer survival rate
7%
72
Colonic carcinoma survival rate
65%
73
Carcinoma of the breast, if it is metastatic what will it show an increase of?
Alkaline phosphatase
74
- alkaline phosphatase
- acid phosphatase
- PSA
Metastatic prostate carcinoma
75
- paget disease
| - increased alkaline phosphatase
Osteitis deformans
76
Transitional cells
Bladder
77
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Respiratory
78
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
Oral lining mucosa
79
- primary surfactant deficiency
- premature birth (prior to 28 weeks)
- lungs fail to inflate
- hyaline membranes
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (acute)
80
- seen in septic shock, gastric aspiration, severe trauma
- damage mediated by neutrophils
- hyaline membranes
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
81
What can these 3 separate problems cause?
- increased airway resistance
- airway edema
- bronchospasm
- increased secretion of mucous
Asthma attack
82
What are these symptoms complications from?
- hyaline arteriosclerosis
- proliferative retinopathy
- nodular glomerulonephritis
- peripheral symmetric neuropathy
Diabetes
83
- formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
- activation of protein kinase C
- disturbances in polyol pathways
3 pathways related to hyperglycemia that are responsible for complications in diabetes mellitus
84
What causes hairy tongue? Where is it found?
EBV, on the dorsal surface of the tongue
85
Where is oral hairy leukoplakia found?
Lateral borders of the tongue
86
- most common opportunistic infection in people with HIV infection
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
87
Mononucleosis-like syndrome
Acute reaction in select patients
88
Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)
Kaposi sarcoma
89
Later manifestation in AIDS
Wasting syndrome
90
- maxillary infection
| - valveless veins
Cavernous sinus infection
91
Submandibular infection
Ludwig’s angina
92
External ear changes
Treacher Collins
93
Strawberry tongue
Scarlet fever
94
Yellow papules (sebaceous glands)
Fordyce granules
95
Turner tooth
From trauma during tooth development
96
Intrinsic stain
Tetracycline use
97
- moveable mucosa
| - white with red ring
Recurrent aphthous ulcer
98
- deep
- desmosomes
- Basement membrane separation
- positive nakolsky sign
- fluorescence
Pemphigoid (BMMP)
99
- superepithelial
- + nikolsky sign
- IgG
- fluorescence
Pemphigus vulgaris
100
- veneral wart
| - HPV
Condyloma acuminatum
101
- yeast
- white
- wipeable and red under
- thrush
Candidiasis pseudomembranous
102
- median rhomboid glossitis
- atrophy of filiform
- dorsal on tongue
- under denture
Chronic candidiasis
103
- trigeminal ganglion
- lip, skin
- vesicles
- non moveable hard palate/gingiva
- cluster
- trigger event
Recurrent herpes simplex
104
- chronic trauma
- nerve with scar tissue
- firm lump
Traumatic neuroma
105
- like pyogenic
- mandibular 1st molar
- multi-nucleated giant cells
Peripheral giant cell granuloma
106
- intrabony
| - multinucleated giant cells
Central giant cell granuloma
107
- epithelium
- white
- cauliflower
- elevated
- gingiva
- palate
- tongue
Squamous papilloma
108
- connective tissue
- reactive hyperplasia
- trauma
Fibroma
109
- dorsum of tongue
- granular cytoplasm
- like SCC
Granular cell tumor
110
- white patch
- non wipeable
- pre malignant
Leukoplakia
111
- red plaque
- non wipeable
- pre malignant
Erythroplakia/leukoplakia
112
- actinic cheilitis precedes
- border of tongue
- floor of mouth is worst
Squamous cell carcinoma
113
- post mandibular
| - poor defined with sclerotic border
Metastatic Disease to jaw
114
- canalicular
- upper lip
- nodule
- not mucocele
Monomorphic adenoma
115
- cell edema
- African
- bilateral buccal mucosa
- disappears when tugged
Leukoedema
116
- red, swollen
- hyperplastic gingiva
- bleeds
- purpura
- low neutrophils
Leukemia
117
- most common salivary gland tumor
- palate
- pre-neoplasm
Pleomorphic adenoma
118
- peripheral invasion
| - parotid
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
119
- between roots
- mandibular premolars
- epithelial lining
Lateral periodontal cyst
120
- post mand
- odontogenic
- multiocular
- columnar cell rev. Polarized
Ameloblastoma
121
- anterior max
| - snow flake calcifications around crown
Adenomatous odontogenic tumor
122
- lack enamel
- discolored
- modeled
Amelogenesis imperfecta
123
- opalescent dentin
- blue/gray
- blue sclera
- no pulp
- bone fractures
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
124
- jaw expansion
- bilateral
- puffy cheeks
- radiolucencies
Cherubism
125
- unilateral
- cafe au lait (McCune Albright)
- ground glass
Fibrous dysplasia
126
- non vital
- chronic inflammation
- separate from root
Condensing osteitis (sclerosing)
127
- vital tooth
| - opacity in lucent rim
Idiopathic osteosclerosis
128
- radiolucent with scalloped margins (follows root contour)
Traumatic bone cyst
129
- cotton wool
- hypercementosis
- mosaic pattern
- increased alkaline phosphatase
Pagets bone disease
130
- langerhan cells
- DM
- exophthalmos
- bone lesion
- floating tooth
Langerhan cell disease
131
- enlargement of canal/foramina
Neurofibromas/schwannoma
132
- high recurrence
- multiocular
- ameloblastoma
- basal cell nevus
Odontogenic keratocysts
133
- gorlin
- odontogenic keratocysts
- bifid rib
- falx cerebri calcification
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma
134
- line alba
| - rough white
Morsciatio buccarum (cheek bite)
135
- multiple osteomas
- hyperdontia
- colon polyps
Gardner syndrome
136
- CN 7
| - unilateral facial paralysis
Bell’s palsy
137
- drug/viral
| - target/bulls eye lesion
Erythema multiforme
138
- red lesion everywhere
| - eye, mouth, genitalia
Steven Johnson syndrome
139
- skin thickening
| - PDL widening
Progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
140
- red flat depapillated areas
- white borders
- moves
Migratory glossitis (geographic tongue)
141
- white
- coagulative surface necrosis
- some-what wipeable
Aspirin burn
142
- upper lip
- no metastasizing
- raised margins
Basal cell carcinoma
143
- trauma
| - bluish
Mucocele
144
- floor of mouth
- frogs belly
- recurrence
- mucin
Ranula
145
- hexosaminidase A enzyme defect
- GM2 ganglioside lipid accumulation
- brain retina
Tay Sachs disease
146
- glucosidase (glucocerebrosidase) enzyme defect
- glucocerebroside lipid accumulation
- liver, spleen, bone marrow, brain
- anemia, fatigue, low platelet, easy bruising, hepatosplenomegaly, bleeding
Gaucher’s disease
147
- sphinomyelinase enzyme defect
- sphingomyelin lipid accumulation
- brain, liver, spleen
Neimann pick disease
148
- arylsulfate A enzyme defect
- sulfatide lipid accumulation
- brain, liver, kidney, peripheral nerves
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
149
- galactosidase enzyme defect
- ceramide trihexoside lipid accumulation
- skin, kidney
Fabrys disease
150
- galactosylceramidase enzyme defect
- galactocerebroside lipid accumulation
- brain
Krabbe disease
151
- type 1 = rootless
- pulpless
- apical lucency
Dentin dysplasia
152
- hypodontia (anodontia)
- skin/hair issues
- heat intolerance
Ectodermal dysplasia (hypohydrotic)
153
- hyperplastic tissue
| - ill fitting denture
Epulis fissuratum
154
- lead line
| - blue lone along gingiva
Heavy metal intoxication
155
- Hamartoma
- red/blue nodule
- blanches
Hemangioma
156
- lymph filled
| - cause of macroglossia
Lymphangioma
157
- seen in Paget’s disease
- attached to root surface
- intact PDL
Hypercementosis
158
- cervical swelling
- palatal petechiae
- Epstein-Barr
- sore throat
Infectious mononucleosis
159
- aids
- HSV 8
- purple/blue lesions
Kaposis sarcoma
160
- sun exposure
- keratin plug in center
- gone in about 4 months
Keratoacanthoma
161
- well demarcated lucency near angle of the mandible
| - below IA canal
Stafne defect
162
- parotid swelling
- lupus
- RA
- xerostomia
Sjogren syndrome
163
-oncocytoma
Parotid swelling seen, tumor
164
- bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
- chest x-ray
- skin lesions
Sarcoidosis
165
- onion skin
| - posterior mandible
Proliferative periostitis (garre’s)
166
Onion skin
Ewing sarcoma
167
- pigmented macules (lips, tongue, buccal mucosa)
| - intestinal polyps
Peutz-jeghers syndrome
168
Sun ray appearance
Osteosarcoma
169
- elderly
- bence jones
- punched out lesions
Multiple myeloma
170
- deep ulceration on palate
| - self resolving
Necrotizing sialometaplasia
171
- air in soft tissue
| - air/water syringe
Cervical emphysema
172
- multiple lucency
- soap bubble
- like ameloblastoma
- honey comb
Odontogenic myxoma
173
- pemphigoid
- pemphigus
- erosive lichen planus
Desquamative gingivitis
174
- slight radiopaque
| - dome shape (sinus)
Natural pseudocyst (mucus retention)
175
- tongue tied
Ankyloglossia
176
- post mand 3rd molars
- can become ameloblastoma
- attached to CEJ
Dentinogenesis cyst
177
Dilated veins
Varices
178
Draining fistula
Parulis (gum boil)
179
- vesicles
- multiple ulcers
- inflamed gingiva
Primary herpes
180
- elongation of stylohyoid ligament
| - pain on yawning
Eagle syndrome
181
- granulomatous gingiva
| - intestinal skip lesion
Crohns
182
- doughy
| - midline distribution
Dermoid cyst
183
- heart shaped lucency
Incisive canal cyst (duct cyst)
184
- bilateral buccal mucosa
| - thick
White sponge nevus
185
Trigger points
Trigeminal neuralgia
186
- intense pain for 1 week
- unilateral
- forehead/eye area
Neuritis
187
- vermillion border
- corner of mouth
- pre-squamous cell carcinoma
Actinic cheilitis
188
- minor salivary glands of lips
| - premalignant
Chelitis glandularis
189
- middle age black women
- anteiror mandible
- vital teeth
- multifocal lucencies that turn opaque over time
Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
190
- multiple quadrants
- fibro-osseous lesions
- secondary to osteomyelitis
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
191
- wickmans striae
- non wipeable
- white papules
- can be erosive
Peripheral ossifying fibroma
192
- unerupted supernumerary teeth
- retain primary
- no clavicles
- slow erupt
Cleidocranial dysplasia
193
- multiple nodules (especially tongue)
| - cafe au lait pigment (macules)
Neurofibromatosis (Von-recklinghausen)
194
Ghost cells
Calcifying odontogenic cysts (gorlin’s)
195
- minor salivary glands are red
- hard palate
- pipe smokers
Nicotine stomatitis
196
- after parotid surgery
| - sweating of face prior to eating
Auriculotemporal syndrome (Frey syndrome)
197
- tissue swelling with fistula
- woody consistency
- sulfur granules
Actinomycosis
198
Chronic osteomyelitis
Radiolucent and radiodense
199
- elongated condyle
| - chin deviates away from side
Condylar hyperplasia
200
- nonvital toth
| - periapical lucency from inflammatory disease
Periapical cyst/granuloma
