vitamins

Question 1

retinol

Answer 1

vitamin A

Question 2

deficiency leads to night blindness, dry skin, keratomalasia, possible deficiency in immune system

Answer 2

retinol

Question 3

necessary for maintenance of specialized epithelum, prevents squamous metaplasia

Answer 3

retinol

Question 4

used to treat measles and AML (subtype 3)

Answer 4

retinol

Question 5

overuse can result in intracranial hypertension, skin changes, and hepatosplenomegaly

Answer 5

retinol

Question 6

is retinol teratogenic?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

excess leads to arthralgias, fatigue, headaches, sore throat, alopecia

Answer 7

retinol

Question 8

thiamine

Answer 8

B1 (cofactor as TPP in decarboxylation reactions)

Question 9

what is thiamine a cofactor for?

Answer 9

pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase, branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenase

Question 10

deficiency leads to impaired glucose breakdown which is worsened by glucose infusion

Answer 10

thiamine

Question 11

confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, confabulation. Damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus, mammillary bodies

Answer 11

Wernicke-Korsakoff. Thiamine deficiency

Question 12

polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting

Answer 12

dry beriberi. Thiamine deficiency

Question 13

high-outtput cardiac failure, edema

Answer 13

wet beriberi. Thiamine deficiency

Question 14

riboflavin

Answer 14

B2

Question 15

cofactor in oxidation/reduction (FAD, FMN); coenzyme for succinate dehydrogenase

Answer 15

riboflavin

Question 16

cheilosis, corneal vascularization

Answer 16

riboflavin deficiency

Question 17

supplemented in neonates receiving phototherapy treatment for neonatal jaundice

Answer 17

riboflavin

Question 18

diagnosed by performance of erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay or decreased urinary excretion

Answer 18

riboflavin deficiency

Question 19

niacin

Answer 19

B3

Question 20

constituent of NAD+, NADP+

Answer 20

niacin

Question 21

which vitamin is derived from tryptophan?

Answer 21

niacin

Question 22

synthesis requires vitamins B6 and B2

Answer 22

niacin

Question 23

pellagra: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis

Answer 23

niacin deficiency

Question 24

diseases that can lead to pellagra

Answer 24

Hartnup (decreased tryptophan absorption), malignant carcinoid syndrome (increased tryptophan metabolism), INH (decreased B6)

Question 25

excess leads to facial flushing

Answer 25

niacin

Question 26

pantothenate

Answer 26

B5

Question 27

component of CoA and fatty acid synthase

Answer 27

B5

Question 28

dermititis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency, burning feet syndrome, GI distress

Answer 28

B5 deficiency

Question 29

pyridoxine

Answer 29

B6

Question 30

cofactor used in transamination, decarboxylation, glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 30

pyridoxine

Question 31

required for synthesis of cystathionine, heme, niacin, histamine, NTs (serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GABA)

Answer 31

pyridoxine

Question 32

convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, aideroblastic anemia

Answer 32

pyridoxine deficiency

Question 33

deficiency can be induced by INH and oral contraceptives

Answer 33

pyridoxine

Question 34

biotin

Answer 34

B7

Question 35

cofactor for puryvate carboxylase

Answer 35

B7; pyruvate-->oxaloacetate

Question 36

cofactor for acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Answer 36

B7; acetyl-CoA-->malonyl-CoA

Question 37

cofactor for propinyl-CoA carboxylase

Answer 37

B7; propionyl-CoA-->methylmalonyl-CoA

Question 38

deficiency can be caused by antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw eggs

Answer 38

biotin

Question 39

folic acid

Answer 39

B9

Question 40

converted to THF, important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases

Answer 40

folic acid

Question 41

most common vitamin deficiency in the US that leads to megaloblastic anemia

Answer 41

folic acid

Question 42

deficiency can be caused by phenytoin, sulfonamides, MTX

Answer 42

folic acid

Question 43

cobalamin

Answer 43

B12

Question 44

cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Answer 44

cobalmin

Question 45

megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented PMNs, paresthesias, subacute combined degeneration, lemon-colored skin, homocystinemia

Answer 45

cobalmin deficiency

Question 46

deficiency can be caused by sprue, enteritis, Diphyllobothrium latum, lack of intrinsic factor, absence of terminal ileum

Answer 46

cobalmin

Question 47

mentally slow woman of Northern European descent, who is lemon-colored, has a smooth shiny tongue and demonstrates broad-based shuffling gait

Answer 47

cobalmin deficiency

Question 48

what test is used to detect cobalmine deficiency?

Answer 48

Schilling

Question 49

parenternal administration is needed for most deficienct patients

Answer 49

cobalmin

Question 50

SAM (S-adenosyl-methionine) formation

Answer 50

ATP + methionine

Question 51

SAM function

Answer 51

transfers methyl units

Question 52

what is required for regeneration of methionine?

Answer 52

folate and cobalamine

Question 53

required for conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine

Answer 53

SAM

Question 54

can result if falsely elevated HbA1C levels

Answer 54

cobalamine/folate deficiency (cause low red cell turnover)

Question 55

ascorbic acid

Answer 55

vitamin C

Question 56

facilitates iron absorption by keeping it reduced, necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis, necessary for dopamine beta-hydroxylase which converts dopamine to NE

Answer 56

ascorbic acid

Question 57

swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, weakened immune responce

Answer 57

Scurvy (ascorbic acid deficiency)

Question 58

perifollicular hemorrhages, purpura, splinter hemorrgahes, can give false negative stool guaiac results

Answer 58

ascorbic acid deficiency

Question 59

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, sleep problems, increased risk of iron toxicity in those with transfusions, hemochromatosis

Answer 59

ascorbic acid excess

Question 60

stored in adipose tissue, increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, increases bone mineralization

Answer 60

vitamin D

Question 61

bone pain and deformity in children, bone pain and muscle weakness in adults

Answer 61

rickets, osteomalacia-->vitamin D deficiency

Question 62

hypocalcemic tetany

Answer 62

vitamin D deficiency

Question 63

is breast milk vitamin D content sufficient?

Answer 63

No

Question 64

hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor. Seen in sarcoidosis (activation of vitamin D by epitheliod macrophages)

Answer 64

vitamin D excess

Question 65

tocopherol

Answer 65

vitamin E

Question 66

protects erythrocytes and membranes from free-radical damage

Answer 66

tocopherol

Question 67

increased fragility of erythrocytes (hemolytic anemia), muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

Answer 67

tocopherol deficiency

Question 68

catalyzes gamma-carboxylationof glutamic acid, synthesized by intestinal flora

Answer 68

vitamin K

Question 69

neonatal hemorrhage (increased PT and PTT, butnormal bleeding time)

Answer 69

vitamine K deficiency (Can occur after prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics)

Question 70

vitamin K antigonist

Answer 70

warfarin

Question 71

what factor is vitamin K necessary for

Answer 71

II, VII, IX, X, C, S

Question 72

delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, dysgeusia, anosmia

Answer 72

zinc deficiency