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USMLE STEP 1 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

most common ectopic thyroid tissue site

A

tongue

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2
Q

where does thyroid diverticulum arise from?

A

floor of primitive pharynx

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3
Q

anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

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4
Q

branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck

A

persistent cervical sinus

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5
Q

most common tumor of adrenal medulla in children

A

neuroblastoma

doesn’t cause episodic hypertension unlike pheochromocytoma

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6
Q

medullary chromafin cells

A

activated by ACh

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7
Q

what is anterior pituitary derived from?

A

oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

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8
Q

acidophils

A

GH, prolactin

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9
Q

basophils

A

B-FLAT

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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10
Q

what do islets of langerhans arise from

A

pancreatic buds

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11
Q

watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, acholorhydia

A

VIPoma

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12
Q

hCG

A

structural similarity to TSH

in very high concentrations (some testicular tumors) can stimulate TSH receptors

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13
Q

insulin secretion

A

ATP closes K channels and depolarizes beta cell–>Ca influx stimulates insulin secretion

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14
Q

does insulin cross placenta?

A

no

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15
Q

GLUT 1

A

insulin-independent

RBCs, brain

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16
Q

GLUT 2

A

bidirectional

beta cells, liver, kidney, small intestine

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17
Q

GLUT 4

A

insulin-dependent

adipose tissue, skeletal muscle

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18
Q

insulin effects

A

increased Na retention

leads to activation of protein phosphatase

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19
Q

glucokinase inactivating mutation

A

mild hyperglycemia that can be exacerbated by pregnancy

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20
Q

somatomedin C

A

insulin-like growth factor

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21
Q

beta 2 agonists on insulin

A

increase

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22
Q

somatostatin, alpha 2 agonists on insulin

A

decrease

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23
Q

insulin resistance

A

abberant serine and threonine residue phosphorylation by serine kinase
in presence of TNF alpha, glucocorticoids, glucagon

24
Q

glucagon receptors

A

G protein-coupled, membrane bound

25
CRH
ACTH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, beta endorphin
26
protein kinase A
TSH, glucagon, PTH, beta receptors
27
cGMP
sperm metabolism, platelet activation, cell division
28
JAK-STAT
GH, erythropoietin, cytokines (interferon)
29
TRH on prolactin
increases secretion
30
cAMP
FLAT ChAMP | FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon
31
cGMP
ANP, NO
32
IP3
GGOAT | GnRH, GHRH, oxytocin, ADH, TRH, histamine, angiotensin 2, gastrin
33
intrinsic tyrosine kinase
growth factors | MAP kinase
34
receptor-associated tyrosine kinase
JAK/STAT PIG prolactin, immunomodulators, GH
35
Wolff-CHaikoff effect
excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase-->decreased T3/T4
36
methimazole
inhibits peroxidase
37
propylthiouracil
inhibits peroxidase and 5-deiodinase
38
immune suppression due to Cushing's
inhibits phospholipase A2, IL-2, histamine release from mast cells
39
hyperaldosteronism treatment
spironolactone
40
metyrapone testing
indicated when there is a suspicion of itnerruption of HPA axis blocks cortisol synthesis by inhibiting 11 beta hydroxylase--> increased ACTH-->increased 11-deoxycortisol-->increased 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids in urine
41
alpha methyltyrosine
inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase | used only for pheo
42
pheo is associated with
NF 1, MEN 2A, 2B, VHL
43
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
thyroid peroxidase, antithyroglobulin Ab HLA-DR5 increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lympoma Hurthle cells
44
Ridel's thyroiditis
thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue | manifestation of IgG4-related systemic disease
45
pseudohypoparathyroidism
defect in Gs protein autosomal-dominant kidney unresponsiveness to PTH hypocalcemia, shortened 4/5th digits, short stature
46
prolactinoma treatment
bromocriptine, cabergoline
47
failure to suppress GH following glucose tolerance test
acromegaly
48
acromegaly treatment
somatostatin | octreotide (somatostatin analog)
49
histiocytosis X
can cause diabetes insipidus
50
nephrogenic DI causes
hypercalcemia, lithium, demeclocycline
51
central DI treatment
intranasal desmopressin
52
nephrogenic DI treatment
hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride
53
drug causing SIADH
cyclophosphamide
54
SIADH treatment
vaptans, demeclocycline
55
type 1 DM HSR
type IV
56
type 1 DM HLA
DR3 and DR4
57
hyperglycemia and ADH
hyperglycemia can cause resistance to ADH

USMLE STEP 1 (21 decks)

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