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USMLE STEP 1 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

produces at base of limbs, involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis

A

sonic hedgehog gene

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2
Q

involved in CNS development, mutation can cause holoprosencephaly

A

sonic hedgehog gene

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3
Q

produced at apical ectodermal ridge, organization along dorsal-ventral axis

A

Wnt-7gene

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4
Q

produced at apical ectodermal ridge; stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm–>lengthening of limbs

A

FGF gene

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5
Q

involved in segmental organization in craniocaudal direction

A

Hox gene

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6
Q

mutations produce appendages in wrong location

A

Hox gene (code for DNA-binding transcription factors)

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7
Q

when does hCG secretion begin

A

day 7

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8
Q

starts with apiblast invaginating to form primitive streak

A

gastrulation

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9
Q

benign Rathke’s pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcifications

A

craniopharyngioma

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10
Q

hypopituitarism, growth retardation in children, suprasellar mass (solid, cystic, and calcified)

A

craniopharyngioma

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11
Q

what is adenohypophysis derived from?

A

surface ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

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12
Q

what is derived from neural crest?

A

PNS, melonocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, parafollicular cells of thyroid, bones of skull, aorticopulmonary septum

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13
Q

what is spleen derived from?

A

mesoderm

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14
Q

what induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm?

A

notocord; neuroectoderm–>nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk

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15
Q

mesodermal defects

A

vertebral, anal atresia, cardiac, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal, limb

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16
Q

absent organ due to absent primordial tissue

A

agenesis

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17
Q

absent organ despite present primordial tissue

A

aplasia

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18
Q

extrinsic disruption after embryonic period

A

deformation

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19
Q

incomplete organ

A

hypoplasia

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20
Q

intrinsic desruption, weeks 3-8

A

malformation

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21
Q

renal damage

A

ACE inhibitors

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22
Q

absence of digits, multiple anomalies

A

alkylating agents

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23
Q

CN VIII toxicity

A

aminoglycosides

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24
Q

neural tube defects, craniofacial defects, fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay, IUGR

A

carbamazepine

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25
vaginal clear cell carcinoma, congenital Mullerian anomalies
DES
26
neural tube defects
folate antagonists
27
Ebstein's anomaly (atrialized RV)
lithium
28
fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, mental retardation
phenytoin
29
discolored teeth
tetracyclines
30
limb defects
thalidomide
31
neural tube defects due to inhibition of maternal folate absorption
valproate
32
bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, ophthalmologic abnormalities
warfarin
33
leading cause of mental retardation
alcohol
34
placental abruption
cocaine
35
caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia), congenital heart defects, neural tube defects
maternal diabetes
36
spontaneous abortions, cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities
vitamin A excess
37
microcephaly, mental retardation
X rays
38
most common monozygotic twins
monochorionic, diamniotic (cleavage after morula before blastocyst)
39
inner layer of chorionic villi
cytotrophoblast
40
outer layer of chorionic villi; secretes hCG; stimulatescorpus luteum to secrete progesterone
syncytiotrophoblast
41
maternal component of placenta, derived from endometrium
decidua basalis
42
return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta
umbilical arteries (2)
43
single umbilical artery
associated with congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
44
supplies oxygenated blood from ductus venosus into IVC
umbilical vein (1)
45
umbilical arteries and veins are derived from?
allantois
46
urine discharge from umbilicus
patent urachus
47
outpouching of bladder
vesicourachal diverticulum
48
meconium discharge from umbilicus
vitelline fistula
49
partial closure of vitelline duct with a portion attached to ileum; may hae ectopic gastric mucosa; melena, periumbilical pain, ulcer
Meckel's diverticulum
50
1st aortic arch derivative
maxillary artery
51
2nd aortic arch derivative
stapedial and hyoid artery
52
3rd aortic arch derivative
common carotid and proximan part of internal carotid
53
4th aortic arch derivative
L: aortic arch; R: proximal part of right subclavian
54
6th aortic arch derivative
proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus
55
brachial clefts
derived from ectoderm
56
brachial arches
derived from mesoderm and neural crest
57
brachial pouches
derived from endoderm
58
1st brachial cleft
external auditory meatus
59
2-4 brachial cleft
temporary cervical sinuses
60
brachial cleft cyst within lateral neck
persistent cervical sinus
61
1st brachial arch cartilage
meckel's, mandible, malleus, incus, spheno-mandibular ligament
62
1st brachial arch muscles
muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
63
1st brachial arch nerves
CN V2 and V3 (chew)
64
mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities
Treacher Collins syndrome (1st arch neural crest fails to migrate)
65
2ns brachial arch cartilage
Reichert's cartilage: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament
66
2nd brachial arch muscles
muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
67
2nd brachial arch nerves
CN VII (smile)
68
3rd brachial arch cartilage
greater horn of hyoid
69
3rd brachial arch mucles
stylopharyngeus
70
3rd brachial arch nerves
CN IX
71
persistence of cleft and pouch-->fistula between tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck
congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula
72
4-6 brachial arches cartilage
thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
73
4th brachial arch muscles
most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli paletini
74
6th brachial arch muscles
all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
75
4th brachial arch nerves
superior laryngeal branch of CN X (swallow)
76
6th brachial arch nerves
recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X (speak)
77
brachial arches forming posterior 1/3 of tongue
3 and 4
78
1st brachial pouch
middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells
79
2nd brachial pouch
epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
80
3rd brachial pouch (dorsal wings)
inferior parathyroids
81
3rd brachial pouch (ventral wings)
thymus
82
4th brachial pouch (dorsal wings)
superior parathyroids
83
aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches--> T cell deficiency (thymus aplasia) and hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development)
DiGeorge syndrome
84
mutation of germline RET (neural crest cells)
MEN 2A
85
pheochromocytoma, parathyroid tumor, medullary thyroid cancer
MEN 2A
86
failure of facial prominences to fuse
cleft lip (maxillary and medial nasal processes)
87
failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes, nasal septum, and/or median palatine process
cleft palate
88
mesonephric duct degenerates and paramesonephric duct develops
female
89
produces testis-determining factor
SRY gene on chromosome Y
90
secrete Mullerian inhibitory factor that suppress development of paramesonephric duct
Sertoli cells
91
secrete androgens that stimulate the development of mesonephric duct
Leydig cells
92
develops into female internal structures
paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct
93
develops into male internal structures (except prostate)
mesonephric (Wolffian) duct
94
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts-->urinary tract abnormalities and miscarriages
bicornuate uterus
95
no sertoli cells or lack of Mullerian inhibitory factor
male and female internal genitalia, male external genitalia
96
male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty
5alpha-reductase deficiency
97
what is prostate gland derived from?
urogenital sinus
98
opening of penile urethra on inferior side
hypospadias (failure of urethral folds to close)
99
opening of penileurethra on superior side
epispadias (faulty positioning of genital tubercle)
100
associated with exstrophy of the bladder
epispadias

USMLE STEP 1 (21 decks)

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