Cardio

Question 1

bulbus cordis gives rise to

Answer 1

smooth part (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles

Question 2

primitive ventricle gives rise to

Answer 2

trabeculated part of left and right ventricles

Question 3

primitive atria gives rise to

Answer 3

trabeculated left and right atria

Question 4

left horn of sinus venosus gives rise to

Answer 4

coronary sinus

Question 5

right horn of sinus venosus gives rise to

Answer 5

smooth part of right atrium

Question 6

right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to

Answer 6

SVC

Question 7

neural crest migration pathology

Answer 7

transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)
tetralogy of fallot
persistent TA

Question 8

membranous interventricular septum formation

Answer 8

AP septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum

Question 9

what separates atria from ventricles

Answer 9

endocardial cushions (contributes to membranous portion of interventricular septum)

Question 10

umbilical vein derivative

Answer 10

ligamentum teres hepatis (in falciform ligament)

Question 11

umbilical arteries derivative

Answer 11

medial umbilical ligaments

Question 12

allantois derivative

Answer 12

urachus-median umbilical ligament

Question 13

notochord derivative

Answer 13

nucleus pulposus

Question 14

drainage of urine through umbilicus

Answer 14

drainage of urine through umbilicus

Question 15

what can become dilated secondary to RA dilation

Answer 15

coronary sinus

Question 16

SA and AV node blood supply

Answer 16

RCA

Question 17

enlargement can cause dysphagia or hoarseness

Answer 17

LA

Question 18

transesophageal echo diagnosis

Answer 18

LA enlargement, aortic dissection, thoracic aortic aneurysm

Question 19

selective vasodilators of coronary vessels

Answer 19

adenosine and dipyridamole

Question 20

what is SV affected by

Answer 20

SV CAP

contractility, afterload, preload

Question 21

what is responsible for most TPR

Answer 21

arterioles

Question 22

period of highest O2 consumption

Answer 22

isovolumetric contraction (between mitral valve closure and aortic valve opening)

Question 23

what is S3 associated with

Answer 23

mitral regurgitation, CHF, dilated ventricles

normal in children and pregnant women

Question 24

wide splitting

Answer 24

pulmonic stenosis, right bundle branch block

Question 25

fixed splitting

Answer 25

ASD

Question 26

paradoxical splitting

Answer 26

aortic stenosis, left bundle branch block, | on inspiration, P2 moves closer to A2

Question 27

which murmurs does valsalva increase

Answer 27

MVP, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 28

shorter A-OS interval in mitral stenosis

Answer 28

more stenosed

Question 29

heart murmur often due to congenital rubella

Answer 29

PDA

Question 30

diffrence between phase 0 of ventricular AP and pacemaker AP

Answer 30

ventricular: Na channels open, pacemaker: Ca channels open (fast Na channels are permanently inactivated)

Question 31

normal PR interval

Answer 31

<200msec

Question 32

normal QRS interval

Answer 32

<120msec

Question 33

U wave causes

Answer 33

hypokalemia, bradycardia

Question 34

speed of conduction

Answer 34

purkinje>atria>ventricles>AV node

Question 35

torsades de pointes presentation and treatment

Answer 35

ventricular tachycardia magnesium sulfate can present with severe congenital ensorineural deafness (Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome)

Question 36

congenital long QT syndromes

Answer 36

most often due to defects in cardiac Na or K channels | unprovoked syncope in a healthy person

Question 37

no discrete P waves

Answer 37

atrial fibrillation

Question 38

atrial flutter treatment

Answer 38

conversion to sinus rhythm: IA, IC, III | rate control: beta blocker, Ca channel blocker

Question 39

what can result in 3rd degree heart block?

Answer 39

lyme disease

Question 40

ANP

Answer 40

decrease Na reabsorption at medullary collecting tubules | constricts efferent and dilates afferent renal arterioles

Question 41

most common spot for aortic rupture

Answer 41

``` aortic isthmus (distalto left subclavian artery) most commonly due to MVA ```

Question 42

what does tricuspid atresia require for viability

Answer 42

ASD and VSD

Question 43

what is total anomalous pulmonary venous return associated with

Answer 43

ASD

Question 44

what is the cause of tetralogy of fallot?

Answer 44

anterosuperior displacement of infundibular septum | boot-shaped heart on X-ray

Question 45

what is coarctation of aorta infantile type associates with?

Answer 45

turner syndrome, PDA

Question 46

what is coarctation of aorta adult type associated with?

Answer 46

bicuspid aortic valve

Question 47

late cyanosis in lower extremities

Answer 47

PDA (derived from 6th aortic arch)

Question 48

22q11 syndromes

Answer 48

truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of fallot

Question 49

malignant hypertension presentation

Answer 49

acute end-organ damage onion-skin arteriolosclerosis flea-bitten kidney