vitamins Flashcards
what are vitamins
organic molecules essential to human metabolic and cellular function that cannot be produced within the body and must be obtained through external sources, often the diet
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
what are the water soluble vitamins
B1, B2, B3,B5,B6, B7, B9, B12, C
what fat soluble vitamins have reported toxicity?
A and D
what water soluble vitamins have reported toxicity?
B3, B6, C
fat soluble vitamins characteristics
fatty acyl chains
ingested as esters
require cholesterol esterase for uptake
integrated into micelles and chylomicrons
water soluble characteristics
acute use urinary excretion little toxicity B12 is stored for long periods absorbed by Na contransporters -except B9 and B12
Vitamin A
retinol, carotenoids
Vitamin B1
thiamine
Vitamin B2
riboflavin
Vitamin B3
niacin
Vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6
pyridoxine
Vitamin B7
biotin
Vitamin B9
folic acid
Vitamin B12
cyanocobalamin
Vitamin C
ascorbic acid
Vitamin D
cholecalciferol
Vitamin E
tocopherols
Vitamin K
phylloquinone
Vitamin A disease or clinically relevant note
retinol
night blindness, dry skin
high doses to treat acne; teratogen when in doses greater than 3mg/d while pregnant
vitamin A is necessary for what?
vision
vitamin B1 disease and clinical notes
thiamine
Beriberi-neuronal wasting and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome-phycosis, severe short term memory loss, disorientation, confabulation
-chronic alcoholism and diabetes are associated with poor thiamine status
vitamin B1 thiamin is essential for what metabolic reason?
coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
TPP
Vitamin B2 riboflavin disease and clinical notes
- thyroid problems, edema of mouth and throat, hair loss, repro issues
- no real clinical note
Vitamin B2 riboflavin is needed for what in metabolism?
FAD in the CAC and complex II of ETC
Vitamin B3 niacin disease
causes pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, inflamed mucus and delusions
Vitamin B3 niacin is necessary for what in metabolism?
NAD+
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid need in metabolism
major component of Coenzyme A synthesis
vitamin B6 pyridoxine diseases and clinical note
EEG abnormalities, depression and confusion, impaired immune
- may improve cognitive performance, has been shown to aide with morning sickness
- overdose alters neuronal conductivity
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine need in metabolism
forms PLP and PMP which function as coenzyme in transamination and single carbon transfer in AA metabolism
Vitamin B7 biotin deficiency symptoms
hallucinations, depression, and parethesia, anorexia, nausea, scaling around eyes, nose and mouth
vitamin B7 metabolic need
functions as cofactor for fatty acid syn and AA catabolism
acetyl-CoA carboxylase- makes acetyl CoA->malonyl CoA
Vitamin B9 folate or folic acid disease and clinical note
deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects at birth, also megaloblastic anemia
-deficiency associated with poor diet, alcoholism, and malabsorptive disorders
daily intake dose for vitamin B9
400mcg/day, 600mcg/day if pregnant
do not take more than 1mg/day
vitamin B9 metabolic need
essential for AA metabolism
essential for methionine production
Vitamin B12 cobalamins clinical note
megaloblastic anemia associated with B12 deficiency and be mask by B9 without correcting neurological deficits leading to persistent nerve damage. thus taking more than 1mg of B9 is not recommended
Vitamin B12 metabolic need
functions as a cofactor in methionine synthesis and fatty acid synthesis.
vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms
depression, confusion, dementia, poor memory and irreversible nerve damage
Vitamin C disease and clinical note
scurvy
toxic due to oxalic crystal formation which leads to gout and renal failure
-often taken to treat common cold, does not reduce risk of getting cold but can reduce duration by 8%
Vitamin D cholecalciferol diseases
- rickets-bone softness and deformation due to improper internalization
- osteomalacia: bone weakness, bone pain, and muscle weakness
Vitamin E tocopherol diseases
function as antioxidant and protect against LDL -disease: peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, skeletal myopahty, retinopathy, impaired immune response
vitamin K phylloquinone disease and clinical note
bleeding and hemorrhaging, reduced bone mineralization and osteoperosis
note: if given with anticoagulants, it can be deplete vitamin K dependent clotting factors
