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Biochemistry > Glycolysis, CAC, and ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) > Flashcards

Glycolysis, CAC, and ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two stages of glycolysis

A
  1. preparatory-phosphorylation

2. Payoff- REDOX or electron transfer

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2
Q

What is the net products of glycolyisis

A

2 pyruvate, 2ATP and 2 NADH+H

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3
Q

T/F all dietary carbohydrates are broken down to glucose

A

False

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4
Q

Where does Galactose enter glycolysis

A

glucose-1-phosphate

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5
Q

where do mannose and fructose enter glycolysis

A

fructose-6-phosphate

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6
Q

Regulation of PFK-1

A

ADP and AMP activate

ATP and citrate deactivate

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7
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway products

A

Glucose-6-phosphate are oxidized into ribose sugars while making:
NADPH and Ribose sugars (nucleotides, ATP, FAD, Coenzyme A, NAD+)

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8
Q

Why is NADPH important

A

necessary for reductive biosynthesis (creating fatty acids and sterols) and free radical protection, and must be maintained within the cell.

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9
Q

Regulation of pentose phosphate pathway

A

NADPH will inhibit glucose-6-phosphate from becoming 6-phosphogluconolactone and prevent more NADPH from being made

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10
Q

3 fates of pyruvate

A
  1. Fermentation by microbes into ethanol and CO2 (anaerobic)
  2. enter the CAC by Acetyl-CoA (aerobic)
  3. Fermentation in humans into lactate (anaerobic)
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11
Q

Why is fermentation important?

A

it regenerates the NAD+ so that glycolysis can occur in the absence of oxygen.
Lactate is readily transported out of the cells and into the blood, then it enters the liver where is is converted into glucose via gluconeogenesis (cori cycle).

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12
Q

Mitochondria outer membrane

A

freely permeable to small molecules and ions

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13
Q

Mitochondria inner membrane

A

impermeable to most small molecules and ions including H. Has ETC proteins and ATPsynthase

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14
Q

Mitochondria matrix

A 
contains pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
CAC enzymes
Fatty acid beta oxidation
AA oxidation
DNA ribosomes
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15
Q

How is mitochondria dysfunction tied to apoptosis

A

release of cytochrome c moves to cytosol. assemble apoptosome which leads to capsase cascade which leads to cell death.

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16
Q

what enzyme converts pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex(requries five vitamins)
also gives off NADH+H
it is in the matrix of the mitochondria

17
Q

Citric acid cycle products

A 
per turn you get:
3 NADH
2 CO2
1 GTP or ATP
1 FADH2
*two turns per glucose and requires oxygen indirectly*
18
Q

Pyruvate dehyrdogenase complex allosteric redulators

A

inhibition: ATP, acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FAs
activation: AMP, CoA, NAD+, and Calcium

19
Q

The CAC is regulated allosterically how?

A

-energy substrates/products allosterically regulate enzymes
-regulated at the most exergonic steps
-Mass action ratio
[NADH]/[NAD+]
[ATP]/[ADP]
oxaloacetate

20
Q

Three electron transfer types

A
  1. Direct electron transfer
  2. Hydrogen atom
  3. Hydride ion
21
Q

Unbiquinone

A

can carry both electrons and protons

lipid soluble and membrane mobile

22
Q

cytocrhromes

A

only accepts electrons

type c is mobile

23
Q

Iron-sulfur proteins

A

only accepts electrons

24
Q

Complex I aka NADH dehydrogenase

A

NADH+H is oxidized and the electrons are passed along iron-sulfur proteins to a quinone complex and the hydrogens are sent to the intermembrane space

25
Q

Complex II aka Succinate dehydrogenase

A

FADH2 is oxidized and the electron are passed to a reduced quinone complex

26
Q

Complex III aka cytochrome bc complex

A

cytochrome c is reduced by ubiquinone and hydrogens are released into the inter membrane space

  • this stage free radical ubiquinones are made but are then reduced
  • hydrogen ions are pumped out
27
Q

Complex IV aka cytochrome oxidase

A

cytochrome c is oxidized here and oxygen is the final electron acceptor. 4 hydrogens are also pumped out
-cytochrome c is the final carrier of electrons

28
Q

ATP synthase

A

4 hydrogens/ATP

  1. 5 ATP per NADH
  2. 5 ATP per FADH2
29
Q

How is ATP transported out of the mitochondria?

A

via adenine nucleotide translocase (antiporter) ADP in ATP out

30
Q

Malate-aspartate shuttle

A

this is in the liver, kidney, and heart.

The NADH from glycolysis used this shuttle to get into the matrix

31
Q

Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

A

Brain and skeletal muscle

How NADH from glycolysis is brought into matrix from cytosol but it enters as FADH2 so it is less efficient

32
Q

two conditions that favor ROS fromation

A
  1. mitochondria not making ATP
    lack of O2
    Lack of ADP
  2. Excess NADH

NADPH reduce ROS

33
Q

How much ATP per glucose

A

32 ATP/glucose

Biochemistry (14 decks)

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