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MCT > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common properties of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Isoprene units
Uptake in S.I
Stored in liver/adipose
Deficiencies arise from problems with digesting fats, with pancreatic lipase, or with bile production
Transported via chylomicrons and lipoproteins

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2
Q

What are some common properties of water soluble vitamins?

A

B vitamins + C
Taken up by diffusion or medicated transport in S.I
Little storage, excreted urine
B12 is weird

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3
Q

Potenital causes of vitamin deficiency in developed countries

A 
anorexia 
problems with digestion
malabsorption 
increased need (pregnant) 
alcoholism (thiamin) 
smoking
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4
Q

common signs of vitamin deficiency

A 
dermatitis
anemia (folate, B12)
neuropathy 
muscle weakness
fatigue
decreased appetite, growth, immunity
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5
Q

Modified versions of B vitamins often act as _____________, which are organic molecules required for catalysis by some enzymes.

A

Coenzymes

Apoenzyme + coenxyme = holoenzyme

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6
Q

Niacin co-enzyme carrier

A

NADH, NADPH

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7
Q

Riboflavin co-enzyme carrier

A

FADH2, FMNH2

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8
Q

Pantothenic acid co-enzyme carrier

A

coenzyme A (CoA), ACP (of fatty acid synthase)

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9
Q

Thiamin co-enzyme carrier

A 
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) 
Found in E1 of PDH
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10
Q

Biotin co-enzyme carrier

A

Biotin

Found in ACC

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11
Q

B12 co-enzyme carrier

A

cobalamin derivatives (important for methylation)

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12
Q

Folate co-enzyme carrier

A

tetrahydrofolate (THF)

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13
Q

B6 co-enzyme carrier

A

pyridoxal phosphate

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14
Q

Which vitamins are crucial for electron carriers and the ETC?

A

Niacin

Riboflavin

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15
Q

Found in grains and meats, but often not released during digestion. (Corn soaked in solution - tortillas - to allow absorption)

A

Niacin

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16
Q

Deficiency causes pellagra (4Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)

A

Niacin

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17
Q

Found in meat, dairy, dark green veggies
Deficiency can cause swelling and fissuring of lips, tongue, mouth
FAD, FMN

A

Riboflavin

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18
Q

Found in ALL plant/animal based food, deficiency rare
Sulfhydryl group can form high energy bonds
CoA, ACP

A

Pantothenic acid

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19
Q

Important consideration in alcoholism

Important for enzymes in pentose monophosphate shunt, PDH, Alpha ketoglutaric DH

A

Thiamin

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20
Q

Found mostly in whole grains
Deficiency causes beriberi
Deficiency most common in alcoholics/chemo its (ethanol reduces absorption, pts don’t eat as much) and in countries with white rice diet

A

Thiamin

21
Q

Found in alcoholics due to Thiamin deficiency

Movement problems, hallucinations

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Wernicke (movement), Korsakoff (hallucinations)

22
Q

Dry beriberi

A

Chronic thiamin deficiency

Wasting, leg weakness, peripheral neuropathies, older

23
Q

Wet beriberi

A

Acute thiamin deficiency

Edema and heart failure

24
Q

Infantile beriberi

A

Death from heart failure in a few hours

25
Q

Found in most foods, deficiency rare
Used in ATP-dependent carboxylases (PC, ACC)
Long arm can bind CO2

A

Biotin

26
Q

Important for oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, Met synthesis from homocysteine, production of SAM, methylation (esp. of lipids in myelin)

A

Vitamin B12

27
Q

Found exclusively in animal products (produced by animal microbiota)
Vegans/vegetarians more likely to be deficient

A

Vitamin B12

28
Q

Secreted by parietal cells of stomach
Required for B12 absorption in SI
Lack leads to pernicious anemia due to gastritis - autoimmune

A

Intrinsic factor

29
Q

Deficiency can cause anemia AND neurological symptoms

Treat with injection

A

Vitamin B12

30
Q

Important for THF

A

Folate

31
Q

Found in green veggies, mushrooms

Deficiency around conception time responsible for many neural tube defects (spina bifida, anencephaly)

A

Folate

32
Q

Needed for DNA synthesis

Deficiency can cause anemia

A

Vitamin B12 AND Folate
(B12 helps convert folate to active)
Can treat anemia with folate, but may miss neurological problems if B12 def.

33
Q

Coenzyme for many, many enzymes (aa metabolism, NTs, glycogen phosphorylase)
Found in many foods
Reason why glycogen phosphorylase does not need ATP energy and can just use Pi

A

Vitamin B6

34
Q

Fat soluble
Found in green leafy veggies, but sig. proportion made by our gut bacteria
Newborns susceptible to def. - given a supplement
Involved in coagulation

A

Vitamin K

35
Q

How does Vitamin K contribute to coagulation?

A

Coenzyme for Vit K Dep Carboxylase
Carboxylation of Glu residues allows clotting factors to bind Ca2+, which allows them to bind phospholipids on platelets and endothelial cells (clot)

36
Q

Patients taking warfarin (coumadin) need to constantly maintain a steady state of _______ because:

A

Vitamin K
Coumadin reduces clotting ability
Dosage is set based on dietary intake
Balance of active K and epoxide form determines clotting ability

37
Q

Beta-carotene is provitamin (green, orange, yellow veggies)
Found in eggs, milk, meat
Active forms are retinoic acid, retinal

A

Vitamin A

38
Q

This form of Vitamin A promotes epithelial differentiation (nuclear receptors)
Important for growth and immunity
Deficiency can cause scaly skin and keratinization of cornea

A

Retinoic acid

39
Q

This form of Vitamin A is found in rods and cones attached to rhodopsin
Deficiency causes night blindness and blindness

A

Retinal

40
Q

Fat soluble vitamins that are hormones that act as transcription factors, can be stored in liver

A

Vitamin A and Vitamin D

41
Q

AKA calcitriol
Found in animal products, fortified milk
Can get all from UV exposure, or else must get from diet

A

Vitamin D

42
Q

Absolutely necessary to allow Ca2+ absorption in intestines

A

Vitamin D

43
Q

Hormone that is activated under low Ca2+ levels to activate osteoclasts to break down bone and to cause kidney to increase resorption of Ca2+

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

44
Q

Deficiency becoming for common, causes rickets in children (softening of bones, bow legs), osteomalacia in adults (increased fragility of bones)

A

Vitamin D

45
Q

Ascorbic acid, water soluble antioxidant
Important in collagen (hydroxylation of Pro and Lys to stabilize triple helix)
Deficiency causes scurvy

A

Vitamin C

46
Q

Why is Vitamin C important for collagen and prevention of scurvy?

A

Important for hydroxylating enzymes of Pro and Lys residues in collagen triple helix
Defects lead to collagen dysfunction and capillary and blood vessel problems

47
Q

Found in many fats
Active form: alpha tocopherol
Fat soluble antioxidant (present in membranes and fat deposits)
Floating around fats (not really stored in liver)

A

Vitamin E

48
Q 
What do each of the following mean? 
EAR 
RDA
AI
UL
A 
EAR = estimate average requirement (50% of population deficient, 50% sufficient) 
RDA = recommended dietary allowance (97-98% sufficient) 
AI = adequate intact (best guess, not enough data) 
UL = upper intake level (highest amount you can eat to be assured of no negative effects)

MCT (13 decks)

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