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vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins

A

Micronutrients required from the body to carry out a range of normal function s
Not produced in body
Organic compounds
Needed in small amounts
Not an energy source

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2
Q

What can affect vitamins

A

Food prep
Affects vitamins in foods
Vitamins found in all food group
Cooked foods an sometime not have as much vitamins we need, sometimes raw food better or better cooked = helps vitamins be more easily absorbedfac

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3
Q

Factors that determine amounts of vitamins

A

Source - animal vs plant
Sunlight
Moisture
Growing conditions
Plants maturity at harvest
Packaging and storage
Affects availability of these vitamins

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4
Q

Describe how food processes or agriculture processes can affect vitamins - why don’t get enough

A

Loss of a. Nutrient due to isolation and or refinement of selected food components
Exposure to us light, heat, excessive mositure - vita d, need sunlight, hard since sun sets early now

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5
Q

Describe how drug interactions - why don’t get enough vitamins

A

Alterations in metabolism = can affect absorption, excretion, redistribution, induction phase 1 and 2 enzymes, systems important to metabolism of given vitamin or mineral = peristalsis and gut absorption

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6
Q

Describe how genetics affects - why don’t get enough vitamins

A

Mutataions
Polymorphisms or alterion in genes important to specific steps in nutrient metabolism and or transporter

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7
Q

Describe chemical stcrtrues of vitamins

A

Organic compounds either = water or fat soluble

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8
Q

Describe vitamin supplements

A

Bc some of us do not get enough /have diff requirements
Vitamin supplements = otcs
Active forms of vitamin

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9
Q

Describe provitamins

A

Inactive forms of vitamin
Body must change them to active form
Ex = beta carotene - broken down by body
Provitamin = substance that may be converted within body to a vtamin

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10
Q

Name fat soluble vitamins

A

A=retinol
D= cholecalciferol
E= tocopherol
K=phylloquinone, menadione

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11
Q

Describe water soluble votamins

A

B1= thiamine
B2= riboflavin
B3= niacin
B5= pantothenic acid
B6= pyridoxine
B7 = biotin
B9=folic acid
B12=cobalamin
C=ascorbic acid

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12
Q

Describe differences in vitamin digestion

A

Fat voluble = more unique
Transported by active process into gift epithelial cells then moved into chylomicrones and distributed through body in lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

What are micelles and chylomicrons

A

Micelles = agggrats of Surfactant amphipathic lipid molecule dispersed in liquid forming colloidal suspension = aggregate lipid vitamins into molecules and bind into epithelial cells
Important in transport of vitamins into intestinal epithelial cells
Chylomicrons = important in movement of vitamins from gut epithelial cells into lymphatics

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14
Q

Describe lymphatics - systems

A

Interaltionship between systems = circulatory and lymphatic system
So votamins do go from lymphatic to circulation but takes more time

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15
Q

Describe fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins a, d, e, k have lipid solvent solubility, diverse nonezymatic functions, sequestration in lipid vacuoles and adipose and greater risk for toxicity
If consume a lo = not eliminated quickly so stored in fat deposits in lymphatic nodes and part of body
More toxicity associated with fat soluble vitamins

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16
Q

Describe fat soluble vitamins - solubility’s where

A

Like dietary triglycerides = solubility’s in duodenal lumen in presence of bile and pancreatic enzymes
Maintained within lipophilic core of mixed micelles
Pancreatic estehrases = in presence of bile salts, catalyze the release of fat soluble vitamins from their esters

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17
Q

Describe rest of fat soluble vitamin absoritpn

A

With fatty acids derives from dietary triglycerides
Fat soluble vitamins released from micelles at enetrocyte brush border membrane = if take in meat and veggies = everything comes in together and absorbed but vitamins sit in system for longer
At high doses vit a and e can be absorbed directly from water miscieble emulsions
Next steps = involve incorporation into chylomicrons for secretion into lymphatics and ultimate uptake by liver
Intestinal, biliary and pancreatic diseases that cause decreased dietary lipid absorption may cause decrease in asoriptn of fat soluble vitamins

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18
Q

Describe active forms vit a and precursors

A

Active = retinoids = retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
Precursors = carotenoids

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19
Q

What is vitamin a important for

A

Vision = night and day, becomes party fro retina, keeps eye surface healthy, allows night and colour vision
Immune function = produce immmune cells to fight mcirgrnaisms
Cell production and differentiation = production of enzymes, proteins
Reproduction = keep reproductive tracts healthy, women = maintain fertility, men = stem production, embryo dev
Bones= help produce bone cells, required for bone remodelling a increase in osteoclasts

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20
Q

Describe vitamin a and vision

A

Integral part of visual cycle = allows use to see

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21
Q

What is vitamin a - for vision

A

Vit a = precursor rhodopsin
Photopigemnt found in rods within retina- help see at night
No vit a = night blindness occurs

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22
Q

How do we see

A

Depends on 2 Main photoreceptors that sit in posterior aspect of eye - rods and cones = more rods than cones
Light first enters and passes through lens, then travel through posterior segment = vitreous up our
Next light travels through 10 layers of neural retina to get to rods and cones

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23
Q

Describe rods and cones

A

Rods and cones made up of inner segment with nucleus and outer segment = discs that contain light absorbing photopigemnts
Rods useful for Night vision
Cones useful for day vision

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24
Q

Where vit found

A

Meats, fruits,
V high sources = beef liver, carrots
High sources = spinahce, mango, cantaloupe
Good = dried plums, all bran cereal corn flakes, blackeyed peas

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25
What can vitamin a deficiency result in
Issue in eye = xerophthalmia Skin and other epithelial cells = Keratin, hyperkeratosis Immune function = vulnerable to infection Other effects = growth retardation,bone deform, defective teeth, kidney stones
26
A Describe too much vit a - toxicity symptoms
Fatigue Vomiting Abd pain Bone and joint pain Loss of appetite Skin disorder Headache Blurred or double vision Liver damage
27
Describe too much vit a - 3 points
TERTAOGEN = causes birth defects,clef palate, heart abnormalities Discolouration of skin Acne treatment = retin a and accutane
28
Describe too much vit a - associated with
Increased ris for hip fracture in post menopausal women Lung cancer Cardiovascular mortality and total mortality
29
Describe forms and formations vit d
Activated in liver and kidney 25-hydroxyvitamin d - 25(OH)D
30
DESCRUHE FUCNTIOSN vit d
Essential for bone health Helps regulate insulin formation and secretion
31
What’s re sources vit d
Exposure to sunlight Fortified foods, milk, cereal Oily fish, egg yolk, liver Supplements Less toxicity
32
Describe beta d in food
Vit d must be chemically modified first by liver then by kidneys to function Active vtamin d will increase absorption of calcium and phosphorus in intestines, important for bone health
33
Describe sun and vita d
Exposure to sunlight = 7 dehydrocholesterol in skin absorbs uvb rendition and is converted to previtamin d3 which iosmerizes to vit d3 Previt d3 and vit d3 also absorbed uvb radiation and are converted into a variety of photo products some of which have unique biologic properties Sun induced vita d synthesis greatly influenced by season, time of day, latitude, altitude, air pollution, skin pigment, scunrenn use, passing through glass and plastic and gaining =if leave milk and stuff iout in glass contain = will reduce amount vit d it has
34
Describe vit d metabolism
Sequentially in liver And kidneys into 25-hydroxyvitamin d which is biologically active form 2 forms have t be enzymatically creative for it to be a activate molecule
35
Describe vit d signalling
1,25(oh)2d3 Signals through vit d rejector = nuclear, binds directly to dna = causes transcription Proliferation, differentiation
36
Describe vit d deficicny
Rickets in kids - poor formation bone Osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults
37
Describe vit d toxicity
Hypercalcemia = stones, groans, thrones, psychiatric overtones
38
Does vit d have chemoprevention effects
Nooo Did not significantly lower risk of developing cancer in total study poppy African Americans assigned to vit d did experience a suggestive 23% reduction in cancer risk But more research needed
39
Describe forms vit e
Family of 8 similar compounds Only alpha tocopherol - considers for human vit e requirement Stored mainly in body fat
40
Describe vit e functions
Antioxidant = Protects cell membranes from free radicals May lower risk of some chronic diseases
41
Describe dietary recommendations vit e
Related to intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids 15mg/day alpha tocpherol for adults 19mg/day if breasfeeding
42
Describe sources of vit e
Nuts, seeds, veggies, oil, whole grain, wheat germ oil, fruit, veggies, animal products
43
Describe vit e deficiency
Occurs with fat malabsorption or rare genetic disorders
44
Describe vit e toxicity
Non toxic and adverse effects have not been found Not many many toxic effects Can interfere with blood clotting Lung injury when inhaled.= through vapes
45
Vit k forms
K1 and k2
46
Vit k functions
Blood clotting Bone health
47
Vit k dietary recommendations
Men = 120mg/day Women = 90mg/day
48
What is vit k needed for
Synthesis of thrombin = coagulation of blood Deficiency vit k = bleed excessively could - since need thrombin Vit k promotes synthesis of coagulation factors Warfarin interferes with vit k synthesis Vit k catalyses thrombin precursor to prothrombin through oxidation of vitk,warfarin interferes with vit k oxide reductase
49
Describe vit k food sources
Green veggies, plant oils, intestinal bacterial Depends on bacteria some can produce vit k for you
50
Describe vit k deificiency
Rare in healthy ppl Newborns at risk - not breastfed//not getting a formula with proper amount vit kd
51
Describe vit k toxicity
Rare Can interfere with anticoagulant meds
52
Describe 8 b vits
Act primarily as coenzymes in energy metabolism
53
Describe vit c - Gen
Antioxidant Can stabilize vit e = important for stability and absorption other vits
54
What is enzyme and coenzyme
Eynzuyme = protein that acts as catalyst to increase biochemical reaction rate without altering itself in process Coenzyme = organic non protein molecule that is required by an enzyme to perform e its catalytic activity
55
Describe oxidant
Reactive molecules produced both inside body and envireomtn = can react with other cellular molecules in body, such as protein, dna and lipids When does that = damages molecules and causes disease as and cell death
56
Describe anti oxidant
Compounds that inhibit oxidant Chemical reaction that can produce free radicals
57
Describe water soluble vit digestion
Do not need much to be absorbed = go right to blood stream then urinate out
58
Describe functions B1/THIAMIN
COENZYME in energy metabolism Part of co enzyme thiamin pyrophosphate = tpp Helps breakdown glucose for energy, make rna and dna, helps power protein, helps synthesize and regulate neurotransmitters
59
Describe thiamin dietary recommendations
Men = 1.2mg/d Women = 1.1mg/d Pregnancy = 1.4mg/d Breastfeeding = 1.5mg/d
60
Describe thiamin food sources
Pork, legumes, nuts, seeds, fish, seafood, enriched grain products Cooking REDUCES CONTENT VIT B1
61
DESCRIBE THIAMin deificicney
Beriberi = overall profound muscle weakness and nerve destruction Milder symptoms = headache, irritability, depression and loss appetite
62
Describe thiamin toxicity
No reports
63
Describe riboflavin = B2 functions
Coenzyme in energy metabolism Supports antioxidants
64
Describe riboflavin = B2 food sources
Milk, dairy Enriched grains Eggs
65
Describe milk packaging
Usually opaque contains Light breaks Dow riboflavin easily so foods high in riboflavin are stored in opaque contains = rare to see milk in bottles
66
Describe riboflavin deififcney
Ariboflavinosis Occurs most often in chronic alcoholism
67
Describe riboflavin toxicity
No reported cases
68
Describe aribioflavinosis
Sky tops = skin disorders, hyperemia (excess bloood), Edema or mouth and throat, angular stomatitis = lesions at corner of mouth, cheilosis - swollen cracked lips, ahir loss, reproductive issues, sore throat, itchy, red Looks like hand, mouth and foot disease = coxsackievirus
69
Describe vit b3= niacin functions
Coenzyme in energy metabolism Supports fatty acid synthesis
70
Describe food sources niacin
Made from amino acid tryptophan Whole and enriches grains Usually meat, poultry, fish, nuts, peanuts
71
Describe niacin deificney
Pellagra = four ds= dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death Can worsen if also deificnet in b1, b6 and iron
72
Describe niacin toxicity and medicinal sues
High doses used to treat high blood cholesterol Side effects = skin flushing, liver dmaage When ppl do extrem diets and cur out whole foods groups
73
Describe vit b6 = pyridoxine
Plp = pyridoxal 5’-phosphate = active form vit b6 Coenzyme in protein and aaa metabolism, gluconeogenesis = aas —> glucose Produce non essential aas, produce neurotransmitters and hemoglobin and helps lower blood level homocysteine
74
Vit b6 food sources
Meat Fish Poultry Potatoes Fortified meat substitutes Banananna Sunflower seeds
75
Describe b6 dificieny
Microcytic hypochromic anemia Heart disease - high homocysteine Dmaage nervous system—> depression, headaches, confusion, convulsions
76
DESCRIE B6 TOXICITY AND MEDICINAL USES
Can cause subtle neurological dmaage Other symptoms = upset stomach, headache, sleepiness, tingling, prickling or burning sensation
77
Describe folate/b9 functions
Coenzyme in dna synthesis and cell division coenzyme in aa metabolism Needed for normal rbc maturation Works with b6 and b12 to help control homocysteine levels
78
Sources folate
Fortified cereals,enriched grains Green leafy veg, orange juice, sunflower seeds, legumes
79
Describe folate deificney
Angie a and diarrhea = megaloblastic anemia Birth defects = spina bifida = malformation of spine, results in exposed spinal nerve —recommended to take if preg, but Important to know toxicity Heart disease
80
Describe folate toxicity
Can mask vit b12 deificney with folate supplements, if take folate = could notice b12 deifiicney Hypersensitive ppl may suffer from hives or respiratory distress - from taking too much folate
81
DESCRIE vitb12 - cobalamin
Cobalt containing compounds
82
DESCRIE vitb12 - cobalamin Functions
Neede for normal folate function = dna and rbc synthesis, metabolize homocysteine maintains myelin sheath around nerves
83
DESCRIE vitb12 - cobalamin - food sources
Only animal foods = meats, liver, milk, eggs Some fortified foods
84
DESCRIE vitb12 - cobalamin Absorption
Needs intrinsic factor From animal based diet = haptocorin carrier helps breakdown vitb12 - instrinsic factor = esophagus Then proteases breaks down and in small intestine, b12 binds intrinsic factor form parietal cells Transcoblamin 2 = helps vit b12 absorioptn into enetrocytes = gut epithelial cells and then goes into blood stream and to liver Vitb12 as function as coenzyme Absorbed and taken to liver and redistributed in body
85
DESCRIE vitb12 - cobalamin Deificiency
Can lead to pernicious anemia = could lead to nerve damage Rbs can look enlarged = Megoblastic anemia
86
DESCRIE vitb12 - cobalamin Toxicity
No upper limit set
87
Describe b5/pantothenic acid - functions
Competent of coenzyme a
88
Describe b5/pantothenic acid - food sources
Widespread in foods Reduced by freezing, canning, and refining
89
Describe b5/pantothenic acid - deificiency and toxicity
Rare
90
Describe b7/biotin - functions
Coenzyme Amino acid metabolism = aa—>glucose Fatty acid synthesis Release of energy from fatty acids DNa synthesis
91
Describe b7/biotin - food sources
Cauliflower Liver Peanuts Cheese Protein avidin =raw egg whites, binds biotin and prevents absoritoppn
92
Describe b7/biotin - deificney and toxicity
Rare
93
Describe functions vit c
Antioxidant Neede for collagen synthesis = why its in many skin care products Enhances absorption of iron from plant foods Makes other essential compounds= steroid hormones, bile salts,thryoid hormones, parts of dna
94
Describe food sources vit c
Fruits = citrus, strawberries, kiwi, fortified juice Veggies = broccoli, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage, leafy green, peppers
95
Describe vit c fun fact
Level of vit c in blood ultimately plateaus bc urinate it out = cannot store excess Not fully proven but large dose vit c may help reduce how long cold lasts, do not protect against cold tho
96
Describe vit c deficiency
Scurvy = sunken eyes, pale skin, loss of teeth Can lead to death
97
Describe vit c toxicity
May cause gi distress in high dose But can take high doses in general
98
DESCRIE vit c fun fact 2
Jacques Cartier in winter = crew has scurvy = die Chief told him to boil pine needles = high amounts vit c, drink teat = go better But didn’t tell pppl about it so ppl still didn’t know British physician = 1700s, line juice cures and parents scurvy = British navy drank this, became known as limeys
99
What are bogus vitamins
Unnecessary substances found in some supplements May be markets as vitamins and health boosters
100
Bogus vitamins ex
Hesperidin Pangamic acid Rutin

PHAR 300 (22 decks)

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