Nicotine Flashcards
how consume nicotine
2 major ways of consuming nicotine - both through lungs
which pathways does nicotine activate
Nicotine activates many different pathways in brain - one that’s relevant for addiction is the dopaminergic pathway
describe research about nicotine
Many people who study nicotine and try to understand it
Know more about action of nicotine than most drugs
One of first models of drug receptors that was studied in detail
Been around for long time
Still a lot we don’t know
what ways can nicotine be consumed
Drug people take in cigarettes and vapes
describe nicotine - plant
botanical insecticide - natural
Highly concentrated in Tobacco
Big plant and can be easily grown to extract nicotine from it or just burn leaves to get nicotine out of smoke
compare smoking and vaping - actual thing
Smoking
= Comes out of head as you are burning it
Vaping
Nicotine extracted first then put into little cartridge
describe nicotine addiction
Globally = highest number of addicts
More than all other addictive drugs put together
Not necessarily in every country
Kills over 7 million people per year
describe control of smoking across the globe
ublic becoming aware of all the issues
More attempts to help people stop smoking
Number of smokers dropped remarkably in some developed countries
- Declines in US, UK and Canada
Canada has been one of best countries in terms of educating people and trying to get them to stop
On cigarette packages - pictures, warnings on individual cigarettes
Canada = leader in informing public - Consequence = death rate really dropping
BUT STILL MAJOR KILLER GLOBALLY
Thought we were getting it under control but then different way to get people addicted = vaping
compare vaping vs cigarettes - ads and demographic
Vaping consumption has gone way up in young people and kids, Start in elementary school, E cigarette sales continually increase
Used to be surrounded by cigarette ads
Now have vape ads - cigarette ads banned
describe drug delivery system of vapes or cigs - strategy
rapid absorption increases probability of addiction
Deliver drug through lungs
absorption very rapid and effective
Faster the hit - the stronger the link and addictive potential
how long after inhaling nicotine does it hit the brain
7 seconds of inhaling it
Faster than injections
what else do you get when smoke - not just nicotine
delivery system for more than 7000 chemicals
Also taking in 4000-7000 chemicals in the smoke
Not just getting nicotine
Many other things that affect body
describe toxicity of cigarettes - deaths
Death from cigarettes very common in older people
Greater amounts of deaths than from alcohol, car crashes, aids and so on
Cigarettes alone will kill 600 million people currently alive on planet earth
In many countries there are many people who smoke
why does smoking kill you
15 different cancers caused by smoking - inhaling carcinogens
chronic diseases =
Heart attaches
Strokes
Diabetes
Also affects reproductive system
describe mucociliary clearance in smokers
Goes down in straight line the more cigarettes you smoke
Correlation between tidal mucociliary clearance rates in the first hour and cigarette consumption
what is Mucociliary clearance rate
= as we breathing
We breathe in little particles and get trapped on mucous lining cilia
Cilia beat and propel mucous back out
smoke = take in much more particles and also paralyzing mucociliary clearance rate
So do not get rid of it
The longer you smoke = worse you are able to clear stuff out of your lungs
describe smoking + asbestos
50-90x
Exposure to asbestos and cigarette smoke at same time has multiplication effect
describe smoking + asbestos - ex of quebec
relevant to quebec since back in town called asbestos = had big asbestos mines
If people smoked = exposed to 2 dangerous things
Lung cancer if smoked and exposed to asbestos = close to 100 times the rate
what cardiovascular diseases can smoking cause
coronary heart disease
strokes
peripheral vascular disease
describe coronary heart disease
one third of deaths are due to smoking
Hypertension
CO
Endothelial injury
Atherosclerosis
platelet aggregation
describe strokes
50% <age 65
Can kill you or impaired mental function for life
Strokes in younger people much more common
describe peripheral vascular disease
Vessels damaged
So ones to brain can affected brain function
Can impair ability to walk and enjoy life
describe effects of nicotine on blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
To all these areas =
Skin
Hair
Eyes
Gums - gum disease
describe effects of nicotine on blood vessels - study
Person - smoker but has not had cigarette for a bit
She puts hand on sensor and it detects blood flow in hand
Starts to smoke
Part way through cigarette = see vasoconstriction in hand
Detects less and less blood flow to periphery
By end of one cigarettes = effect of vasoconstriction
describe effects of nicotine on blood vessels - blood flow
Affects continual blood flow - to brain and gums and can get skin damage
Nicotine - skin damage
Wrinkles
Older people = If you didn’t smoke and wore sunscreen had less wrinkles
People who smoked = wrinkles
how many smokers do cigarettes kill
50% of smokers
es kill 50% of smokers
Kill them in prime of their life
Terrible ways = cancers, cardiovascular diseases
Creates strain on healthcare system as well - Years of impairment before they die, Serious issue
is vaping the same as smoking
yuh
Vaping = smoking
Nicotine has the effect
describe secondhand smoke
Living with smoker
Very dangerous
Breathe in all this stuff
how many people die from secondhand smoke
secondhand smoke kills 900,000 people every year
describe second hand smoke - how
Smoker gets what they inhale from end and some of what they exhale back out
Everyone else gets what comes off of burning end of cigarette = Many carcinogens and damaging products
Risks health of people around you =Which is why it was banned in public places
what is thirdhand smoke
risk for children
What goes up must come down
So the thousands of chemicals coming off cigarettes go into air and they settle
Then everything in that room has all these chemicals on it
Can get on skin when rub face
why is thirdhand smoke bad - for kids
Particularly bad for children
Not many clothes on
Crawling around
Carpet and other things
Toys
Put hands in mouth
Significant hazard for young kids
Pets
People sitting on carpets
describe effects of thirdhand smoke in children
Increases risk of issues in children
Brain tumours
Other cancers
Asthma
Infections
Sids = sudden infant death syndrome - Risk increased if around smoke
pharmacokinetics of nicotine - describe absorption
Absorb nicotine extremely well from lungs
Can absorb it just about anywhere though
pharmacokinetics of nicotine - describe absorption from mouth
Well from mouth
Some absorbed during smoking
Also people chew tobacco
People Use nicotine gum
Tobacco stuck under gum - absorbed there
pharmacokinetics of nicotine - describe absorption from skin
Absorb from skin = nicotine patches
pharmacokinetics of nicotine - describe absorption from gi tract
Nicotine is a weak base = rate absorption depends on ph
Unionized from of weak acid or base = lipid soluble and can readily transfer itself across membranes
how do they design cigarettes smoke
add things to make ph more alkaline
Then nicotine will be in unionized form and will be absorbed fast through lungs and lungs into vasculature
Clever design
Also no first pass metabolism because absorb form lung
faster nicotine absorbed and hits brain =
stronger link for addictive potential
describe inhaling smoke
hen goes into trachea and trachea subdivides into 2 main bronchi
Inhale straight into lungs
Alveolus = lungs designed for very rapid gas exchange by structure of alveolus - capillaries around = Taking in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide
Very rapid intake of nicotine
describe giving cigarette with less nicotine in it
Still rapidly absorbed but less rise of nicotine in blood
Look at absorption of nicotine from lungs
Smoker controls bioavailability
Because smoker decided the puffs per minute and how deeply they inhale
Like people in the morning when they wake up = take deep puffs = getting first fix of morning
describe giving cigarette with less nicotine in it- experiment
Gave smokers cigarette with more nicotine
Did not smoke as rapidly or inhale as deeply
Decreased level of blood nicotine to around same as regular cigarettes
Gave smokers cigarettes with less nicotine
Smoked rapidly and inhaled deeply and go to almost same level of normal
Smokers control
bioavailability of the nicotine by controlling way they inhale and rate of inhalation
describe Blood nicotine concentration - regular smoking
Vapes and cigarettes = goes up rapidly then comes down with time if just one cigarettes
describe Blood nicotine concentration - other ways - mouth
Oral snuff
Chewing tobacco
Nicotine gum = more slow absorption compared to above 2
Connotation not as high
Nicotine absorbed from mouth
describe Blood nicotine concentration - gi poisoning
Excellent GI absorption (poisoning)
Children can swallow cigarettes
Can easily swallow lethal dose of nicotine