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PHAR 300 > drugs/cosmetics > Flashcards

drugs/cosmetics Flashcards

1
Q

Describe drugs and domestics

A

Line between not as satirgtforward

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2
Q

Describe minoxidil

A

For baldness
Group of pharmaceuticals

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3
Q

Describe fluoride in toothpaste

A

Anticavity fluoride
Cavity prevention
Fluoride = drug

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4
Q

Describe what makes ppl vulnerable

A

Most ppl
Says they are middle attractive = means that they are vulnerable tto something that would make them look better
Vulnearable to advertisements

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5
Q

Describe skin

A

Largest organs
Some drugs can help
Complex, innervation and blood supply
Muscles to move hair

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6
Q

Describe epidermis

A

Outermost layer of skin
Superficial
No vasculatre
Hair above epidermis does not contain living cells anymore

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7
Q

Describe dermis

A

Contains bv, hair follicles, various sweat glands and sebaceous glands
Muscle that pulls on hair follicles - sebaceous gland near here

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8
Q

WHAT IS MAIN DIFFERNCES in skin

A

Diff levels of pigment eumelanin and pheomelanin - relative proportion makes skin colour

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9
Q

Describe sunburn

A

Melanocytes increase production and insertion of melanin = risk of cancer
Injury to skin, tanning is bad
Melanocyte = at base, expands projections to a variety of keratinocytes and insert melanin pigment
Tanning triggers hyperactivity of melancocytes
Overall colours of skin changes if injured - exposed to us light

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10
Q

Describe tanning

A

Reflect sunlight onto skin in order to activate tanning response and develop colour

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11
Q

What happens in tattoo

A

Pigment injected into skin dermis
Pigment taken up by dermal macrophages = phagocytose foreign particles
Macrophage gets older then dies then creates pigment then pigment taken back up by another macrophage = pigment sticks around
Some pigment lost in turnover - dispersed over more macrophages = tattoos become fuzzy

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12
Q

What in skin

A

Sense organs
Heat, pain, touch, pressure

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13
Q

Describe what skin structure does

A

Adapts to location
Skin of feet/hands or anywhere
Diff types of sensory receptors, sweat glands and stuff
Thinnest layer = behind ear - good for patches for motion sickness
Thickest = bottom of feet

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14
Q

What about skin varies with age

A

Thickness and relative surface area

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15
Q

Describe photosensitivity

A

Antibiotics, diuretics, antipsychotics, nsaids, many plants, herbal mixtures
Short amount of time in sun but burned badly, skin can react to compounds

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16
Q

What happens when sunburn - warning

A

5 sunbirds double the risk of skin cancer = v bad
Important fo children
Tanning = reaction to injury

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17
Q

Describe sun

A

Light = UVA, UBV
—penetrate to diff depths in skin=need to be protected against both
Need protection on both suny and cloudy days
Up to 80% of sun’s rays get through light cloud, mist and fog =
WEAR SUNCRENN

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18
Q

What happens when out at water

A

Sun can be reflected off water and increase risk of severe burning

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19
Q

Why tanning beds bad

A

Melanoma risks = increase by 59%
Tanning beds are carcinogenic = very bad, dangerous

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20
Q

Describe photoaging

A

Sun damage

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21
Q

Describe basal cell carcinoma

A

Chin
Bad cancer
Unpleasant
Won’t kill you tho

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22
Q

What is spf

A

Sun protective factor
= measure of efficacy, indication of how long can stay in sun
Out for long time = use spf 25-30
Buy broad spectrum spf 15-30 waterproof if swimming

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23
Q

When do you need sunreen

A

All the time
Even when snow = snow reflects up to 85% of uv radiation in winter
Children highly vulnerable

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24
Q

Describe acne

A

Increase sebum, keratin deposited and bacteria multiply = inflammation

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25
Q

Describe abnormal kertainocytes

A

Early stage = oxidized sebum
Trapped sebum
Bacteria proliferate and leukocytes = inflammation
Painful

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26
Q

What is comedo

A

ACNE = whitehead or blackhead

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27
Q

Describe blackhead

A

Localized to opening of follicle
Blackhead = open comedo
Bacteria growth, sebecaous sections

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28
Q

Describe whitehead

A

Closed
Swelling greater
Many wbcs

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29
Q

Is acne in animal models

A

Dcrescried throughout human history
No animal model - none can capture

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30
Q

Describe acne - def

A

Many cells = interleukins, cytokines, inflammatory mediators
Chronic inflammation of pilosebaceous unit
Pathogenesis complex, incompletely understood

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31
Q

Describe how to treat acne

A

Better understanding of pathogenesis - now have effective therapy, can grow in lab
Inhibit sebaceous gland = insoretinoin, hormonal ocs
Reduce bacteria= benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, reduce inflammation, corticosteroids
Normalize follicular kertainization = topical retinoids, isoretinoin - inhibit excess keratins

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32
Q

Where can retinoids target acne

A

Comedo genesis
Sebum production
Inflammation
Antibacterial effects

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33
Q

Describe vitamin a

A

Generic term retinol, retinaldehyde, retinoic acid and related compounds - act as hormones and alter gene expression
Major role in cellular differentiation
All related to beta carotene

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34
Q

Describe new acne drugs

A

Many derivatives to treat disorder = acne
Play around with stature and more selective and better drugs
New frugs are more selective and less toxic
4th gen drugs

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35
Q

Describe retinoids receptor

A

Rxr
Recpetors in nuclear hormone receptor fam
Rxr and rar form heterodimers and
Then regulate gene expression

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36
Q

Describe combinations of Rxr and rar

A

Many variants
Enter nucleus and bonds dna = induce gene activation and repression, can influence 500 genes
Alter = differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis and immune modulation
Drugs vary in affinity for subtypes of rar = tailor treatment bc some ppl are diff, some
better for dif ppl
Rxr and rar have alpha, beta, gamma subtypes
Cis retinoids binds Rxr and trans retinoids binds rar

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37
Q

Describe drugs for acne

A

Tretinoin rream - 1st gen
Adapalene - 4th gen

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38
Q

Describe issues with retinoic acid

A

Beware internet ads - can buy anything even if banned in Canada
Accurate - isotretinoin = standard drug
Teratogen at low doses, 1st month - before ppl knew about pregnancy
Malformations of pace, skull, palate, ears, jaw, kidney, heart
Psychological and intellectual impairment
Retinoic acid = actuate - for acne has affected thousands

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39
Q

Describe another effect of retinoids

A

Gastrointestinal disorders
=probably shouldn’t take if have ibs or if taking nsaids
Isoretinoin associated with inflammatory bowel diseases - including regional ileitis - in patents without prior history intestinal disorders
Also possible interaction with NSAIDs/ acetominophen = producing gi distress

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40
Q

Describe skin - beauty aids

A

1880 - cures
Skin creams advertsuzed to cure everything
Soap = good, helps keep us clean = reduce transmission of colds
Anti bacterial soap not effective - does not work in bacteria in pores

41
Q

Describe moisturizers

A

Many things sold
Plentitdue L’Oréal = reduces signs of aging

42
Q

Describe creams - how made

A

Combine all 3 = rub on skin
Mixture of 3 things determines feel, texture of cream
= combo of power, grease (ointments, oils), and liquid (lotions, wet soaks, compress)
Anything pharmacologically active = added on here

43
Q

Describe st ives

A

Clever, healthy woman good skin
Advertszied as woman is a nurse - so trust more since know what talking about
Trust the Swiss
Re d cross symbols
St Ives = appeals to religion bc Saint
Present in skin = says has colllgen and elastin
Signed by physician = endorsed
Plant put here so think plant based

44
Q

Describe other ex of products that make dramatic claims

A

Clearings - body lift
La prairie = extract of skin caviar firming complex
Estée Lauder- thigh Zone, make fat though go away
Dior svelte - cellulite control complex = will not work

45
Q

Are cosmeceuticals safe

A

St Ives is safe
But some contain many things = fragrances, surfactants, 1,4dioxane formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, - pereservates

46
Q

What is found in cosmeceuticals

A

Trace metals = Associated with issues, Depends on usage - frequency and timing
Phthalates
Parabens

47
Q

What are phthalates

A

Can cause preobelms
Perfumes, lotions, nail polish, hair care problems

Carcinogenic =
Immunotoxicity
Reproductive issues
Endocrine disruption
Developmental toxicity
Genotoxicity
Allergies
Lower sperm count

48
Q

Describe parabens

A

No monitoring of these products
Can be carcinogenic, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive dysfunction, metastasis and proliferation

49
Q

Describe plant products

A

Worrying since plants full of chemicals
Created for the plant - not for human skin
Not magical plant remedies

50
Q

Describe antiviral drugs

A

cold sore = herpes virus
Common
Enters skin early in life

51
Q

Describe herpes

A

Primary infection = enters skin, travels up and enters ganglia, when inside neurons = immmune systemic cannot get rid = protected
Recurrent infection = reactivation and comes back out and causes localized lesion - where nerve ending exists
Only smal lesion bc immune system prevents further spread
Know a lot about structure, how it works etc

52
Q

Describe antiherpes drugs

A

Acyclovir, framciclovir, ganciclyvir = VIR
Ppl can feel it come on = should take meds immediately

53
Q

Describe acyclovir meds

A

AcycloGTP inhibits dna pol so cannot reproduce
May also cause chain termination = no significant lesion
Viral thymidine kinase

54
Q

Describe skin psoriasis

A

Psoriasis =
Problem with turnover of skin - outer layer of skin deepens
Increase turnover, increase thickness, increase flaking of skin,
Not serious, localized, mild
Itches, painful

55
Q

Describe treatments for psoriasis

A

Started w/ photo therapy and topical agents
Recent = mabs against cytokines - which are involved in pathogenesis of psoriasis, block immunological and inflammatory reaction

56
Q

Describe goood frug for psoriasis

A

Biologic agent = infliximab
Mabs, block tnf Alpha and interleukin = involved in immunological reaction that causes psoriasis
Immunosuppressive agents and retinoids, phototherapy, topic agents= work but not as well for severe cases

57
Q

Describe hair- gen

A

Everyone uses shampoo, conditioner sprays, dyes
Important for body

58
Q

Describe hair on body

A

Body has 5 million, 100k on head
No nerve endings on hair projecting into surface
At base much growth = high cell turnover, melanocytes - give pigment, subacoeus gland = lubricate, arrector pili muscle - contract = goosebump
Hair grows 6 inches per year

59
Q

When can hair grow very long

A

Max usually = 3ft
Normally never see more
Abnormal gene = not limiting hair growth

60
Q

What is structure of hair

A

Microfibrils made of protfibrils —> wound to make macrofibrils = packaged in cortex

61
Q

Describe moisture of hair

A

Hair less curly if less moisture in hair
Water content of hair at aiff relative humidities
Heat dried hair retains a lower moisture content= tends to stay in shape for a while

62
Q

Describe how hair grows

A

3 stages
When hair falls out or pulled out = stem cells replenish matrix, sebaceous gland, epidermis
Stem cell located in bulge then migrates down

63
Q

Describe specific stages ahir grow

A

Growing = 2-6 years, 5 years to grow = anagen active growth phase
Transition = weeks, Cartagen transition phase, starts to retract
Resting = telogen resting phase, 5-6 weeks, base pulls upward and ahir falls out
Return to anagen = starts new cycle

64
Q

When does beard growth peaks

A

In July
Do not know why = maybe sun protection
Growth varries by season
Scalp hair sheds in summer more

65
Q

Describe hormones and hair growth

A

Hormones alter ahir growth = rate and thickness
Anagen hairs = inscreases after onset pregnancy
Hormonal changes result in retaining your hair = does fall out at normal growth phase stage
Postpartum = all extra ahir comes out = much ahir loss

66
Q

Describe hair damage

A

Cuticle - base of hair = proximal
Distal = looks more stuffy,has been along for more time
Split end
Chlorine damage = very damaging if swim without swim cap

67
Q

Describe types of cuticles of hair

A

Normal = lies flat, ordinary combing doesn’t ruffle cells on cuticle
Back combing or teasing = damages cell structure, goes against cuticle grain, lifting and tearing the cells
Curling irons = if used to hot or long = can cause blisters, hair melts
Beached and back combed = shaft seriously damaged, resulting in a dull look

68
Q

What does ahir lacquer do

A

Hair spray - not permanent dmaage
Coats and thickens the Shaft
Dried coating links and stiffens ahir

69
Q

Describe shampoos

A

Washes it out
No real dmaage up to 4-8msuqared

70
Q

What can we change about ahir =

A

Shape colour thickness

71
Q

What is hair mostly made of

A

Keratin
Disulphide bond

72
Q

Describe curly vs straight hair

A

To alter curl = chemically break and reform disulphide bonds
Put chemical on hair that breaks bond and warp on something then add 2nd chemical to reform disulphide bond
Wetting hair = makes h bonds come apart temporary

73
Q

Describe hair colour

A

All melanins start with tyrosine - add enzymes and either get to pheomelanins or eumealnins
Tyrosine —> dopa —> dopaquinone —> eu or pheomelanin
Enzyme = tyrosinase

74
Q

Describe white hairs

A

As age= ppl may stop making melanin = so no more putting in hair shaft = gray hair

75
Q

Describe bleaching hair

A

Peroxide = bleach same way
And sun too
Eumelanine to Melanin peroxide intermediate
Excessive sun can also alter melanin structure and cause hair to bleach a bit, sunlight breaks melanin

76
Q

How to dye hair

A

Some sticks to surface or some goes inside
Temporary = coat surface of hair
First = need to treat hair so can separate shells in surface layer to allow dye to diffuse through
Semi permanent = dye mostly on cuticle
Bleach = damaging, destruction of normal hair colour pigments and cuticle raised
permanent= chemically expand cuticle to allow dye to enter, Many chemicals
Dmaage surface cells and make them retract then put mixture of 2 smaller molecules that can get through to Center of hair fibrils and combine to make permanent due then try to rinse everything off and restore surface of hair with another substance to flatten cut curl DYE IN CORTEX, CUTICLE RIASED TO GET DYE IN

77
Q

Describe hair loss

A

Normal = 50-100 hairs per day
Baldness = terminal hairs replaced by vellum = hair or nothing
Diff patterns
Male pattern baldness= m shape, forms horseshoe eventually
Hair loss in women = usually ahir just becomes thinner for women

78
Q

describe ads for baldness

A

Many
Then and now

79
Q

Describe a way that will work to treat baldness

A

Transplant;anted plugs of hair from back of head = will work

80
Q

Describe rogaine

A

First of comsmecuticals
Monoxidil = increase folllicular size, prolongs anagen - growth phase

81
Q

Describe finsasteride

A

Proepcia
Blocks dihydrotestosterine production
Inhibits 5 alpha reductase
Baldness = have more enzyme or dihydrotestosterone = lose hair
TERTAOGEN for male fetus - not used in women and not advised for men
Dutasteride - suppressive ddt, another med

82
Q

Name 2 products to repair damaged keratin

A

Olaplex
K18
Broken s-s bond = makes hair look bad

83
Q

Describe olaplex

A

Creates cross Lin between broken bonds
Makes ionic bond and inserts itself between 2 keratin molecules

84
Q

Describe k18

A

Works well
Delinks broken keratin strands
10 diff peptides in it
18 as

85
Q

What can drugs affect - for teeth

A

Can affect both sets, grows, while still have first set teeth

86
Q

Describe tetracycline

A

Tooth discolouration
Usually given meds as kid
If exposed - in early fetal life or during first 8 years of life

87
Q

Describe phenytoin

A

Anti seizure drugs = gingival hyperplasia
Excessive growth of gums

88
Q

Describe meth mouth

A

Teeth become flat from repeated grinding and clenching
Advanced tooth decay
More common than Cocaine

89
Q

Describe cocain jaw

A

Teeth = increase caries, tooth loss, periodontal disease

90
Q

Describe toothpaste

A

Drug used twice daily
Prevents cavities

91
Q

Describe interaction of floride with hydroxyapatite mineral lattice of teeth

A

Surface = hydroxyapatite, susceptible to cavities
When fluoride binds = fluorapatitie = makes much for resistant, promotes cavity resistance

92
Q

Where is fluoride found

A

In fruits veggies
Water

93
Q

Describe floride in water

A

Compared placed where have low vs high amount floride in water
= less cavities the more floride

94
Q

What does floride do

A

Narrows gap between rich and poor
Poor can’t pay for dental care
Reduced cavities in poor Holden

95
Q

What does fluoride do to teeth

A

Sugars acidify saliva = demineraliztion = leads to decay
Floride incorporation = greater strength
More resistant to acidity of mouth,
Eating any suagr = makes saliva acidic

96
Q

What are side effects of flroide

A

Amount of fluoride = keep in range were no/little side effects
Only side effects = white spots on teeth

97
Q

Is Fluoride in Montreal water

A

Safe and beneficial = recommended
BUT NOOO bc ppl do not want it

98
Q

Describe gum disease

A

Will lose teeth
Gingivitis = periodontal disease
Red swollen, bleed easily
Brush teeth regular and dentist appointments often = needed

99
Q

How to prevent gingivitis

A

Active ingestions = phenols
Antibacterial, antifungal, anti inflammatory = to prevent gingivitis

PHAR 300 (22 decks)

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