Vitamins

Question 1

Retinoids refer to all compounds chemically related to retinol.

Answer 1

Vitamin A

Question 2

pseudotumor cerebri (headache, vomiting, blurred vision, stupor)

Answer 2

Acute toxicity of Vit. A

Question 3

Increased risk for hip fractures, teratogenic in pregnancy

Answer 3

Chronic toxicity of Vit. A

Question 4

• Regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
• Immunomodulation and antiproliferative
• can prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• can prevent certain types of cancers (colon, breast, and prostate cancer)

Answer 4

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

Question 5

Vit D obtained from fungal organisms (mushrooms, ergots)

Answer 5

D2 ergocalciferol

Question 6

Vit D produced by the body with UVB radiation

Answer 6

D3 cholecalciferol

Question 7

• hypercalcemia → Blood vessel contraction → hypertension
• calcification of soft tissues

Answer 7

Toxicity of Vit. D

Question 8

• Rickets: before close of epiphysis (in children)
• Osteomalacia: after the closure of epiphysis (adults)

Answer 8

Deficiency of Vit. D

Question 9

Most powerful exogenous antioxidant

Answer 9

Vit. E

Question 10

• Reduces platelet aggregation
• Interferes with the effects of Vit. K

Answer 10

Toxicity of VIt. E

Question 11

• Muscle weakness due to axonal degeneration
• Demyelination
• Hemolytic anemia

Answer 11

Deficiency of Vit. E

Question 12

Other micronutrients with antioxidant effects include:

Answer 12

o Vitamin A
o Vitamin C
o Vitamin E (most potent)
o Zinc
o Selenium

Question 13

Coagulation vitamin

Answer 13

Vit. K

Question 14

Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors

Answer 14

2, 7, 9, 10, C, S

Question 15

Forms of Vitamin K:

Answer 15

K1 = phylloquinone
K2 = menaquinone
K3 = menadione

Question 16

Vit. K from diet

Answer 16

K1 = phylloquinone

Question 17

Vit. K from GI flora

Answer 17

K2 = menaquinone

Question 18

synthetic form and the water-soluble form of Vitamin K

Answer 18

K3 = menadione

Question 19

• Hemolysis → hyperbilirubinemia → kernicterus (CNS damage due to high amounts of bilirubin)

Answer 19

Toxicity of Vit. K

Question 20

• Bleeding
• Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

Answer 20

Deficiency of Vit. K

Question 21

• Also known as antiscorbutic (scurvy) factor
  o antioxidant
  o improves iron absorption
  o required for several metabolic pathways (e.g. collagen synthesis, catecholamines, bile synthesis, folate activation, adrenal hormones, etc.)

Answer 21

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Question 22

• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
• Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
• Increased risk for iron toxicity

Answer 22

TOXICITY of Vit. C

Question 23

• Scurvy:
  o corkscrew hair
  o swollen gums
  o bleeding
  o poor wound healing
• Weakened immune response

Answer 23

Deficiency of Vit. C

Question 24

B1

Answer 24

thiamine

Question 25

B2

Answer 25

riboflavin

Question 26

B3

Answer 26

niacin

Question 27

B5

Answer 27

pantothenic acid

Question 28

B6

Answer 28

pyridoxine

Question 29

B7

Answer 29

biotin

Question 30

B9

Answer 30

folic acid, folate

Question 31

B12

Answer 31

cobalamin

Question 32

Vit. B with no toxicities

Answer 32

1,2,5,7,9,12

Question 33

* Beriberi * Wernicke syndrome (reversible) = confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia * Korsakoff syndrome (irreversible) = dementia, confabulations

Answer 33

Deficiency of B1

Question 34

* Cheilosis, corneal vascularization (2C) * Magenta tongue * Seborrheic dermatitis

Answer 34

Deficiency of B2

Question 35

* Hepatotoxicity * Podagra * Facial flushing

Answer 35

Toxicity of B3

Question 36

* Pellagra (3D) = dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea

Answer 36

Deficiency of B3

Question 37

* Gopalan’s burning feet syndrome (nutritional melalgia) “paa-ntothenic acid”

Answer 37

Deficiency of B5

Question 38

* Neurological manifestations * Microcytic, hypochromic anemia * Sideroblastic anemia * Pellagra

Answer 38

Deficiency of B6

Question 39

- Sensory neuropathy

Answer 39

toxicity of B6

Question 40

* Long-term antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw egg whites can bind with ____ , thus lead to _________ * Causes dermatitis, enteritis, and alopecia

Answer 40

Deficiency of B7

Question 41

* Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia * (-) neurologic symptoms

Answer 41

Deficiency of B9

Question 42

* Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia * (+) neurologic symptoms

Answer 42

Deficiency of B12