Vitamins Flashcards
Retinoids refer to all compounds chemically related to retinol.
Vitamin A
pseudotumor cerebri (headache, vomiting, blurred vision, stupor)
Acute toxicity of Vit. A
Increased risk for hip fractures, teratogenic in pregnancy
Chronic toxicity of Vit. A
- Regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
- Immunomodulation and antiproliferative
- can prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- can prevent certain types of cancers (colon, breast, and prostate cancer)
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
Vit D obtained from fungal organisms (mushrooms, ergots)
D2 ergocalciferol
Vit D produced by the body with UVB radiation
D3 cholecalciferol
- hypercalcemia → Blood vessel contraction → hypertension
- calcification of soft tissues
Toxicity of Vit. D
- Rickets: before close of epiphysis (in children)
- Osteomalacia: after the closure of epiphysis (adults)
Deficiency of Vit. D
Most powerful exogenous antioxidant
Vit. E
- Reduces platelet aggregation
- Interferes with the effects of Vit. K
Toxicity of VIt. E
- Muscle weakness due to axonal degeneration
- Demyelination
- Hemolytic anemia
Deficiency of Vit. E
Other micronutrients with antioxidant effects include:
o Vitamin A
o Vitamin C
o Vitamin E (most potent)
o Zinc
o Selenium
Coagulation vitamin
Vit. K
Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors
2, 7, 9, 10, C, S
Forms of Vitamin K:
K1 = phylloquinone
K2 = menaquinone
K3 = menadione
Vit. K from diet
K1 = phylloquinone
Vit. K from GI flora
K2 = menaquinone
synthetic form and the water-soluble form of Vitamin K
K3 = menadione
- Hemolysis → hyperbilirubinemia → kernicterus (CNS damage due to high amounts of bilirubin)
Toxicity of Vit. K
- Bleeding
- Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
Deficiency of Vit. K
- Also known as antiscorbutic (scurvy) factor
o antioxidant
o improves iron absorption
o required for several metabolic pathways (e.g. collagen synthesis, catecholamines, bile synthesis, folate activation, adrenal hormones, etc.)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis
- Increased risk for iron toxicity
TOXICITY of Vit. C
- Scurvy:
o corkscrew hair
o swollen gums
o bleeding
o poor wound healing - Weakened immune response
Deficiency of Vit. C
B1
thiamine
B2
riboflavin
B3
niacin
B5
pantothenic acid
B6
pyridoxine
B7
biotin
B9
folic acid, folate
B12
cobalamin
Vit. B with no toxicities
1,2,5,7,9,12
- Beriberi
- Wernicke syndrome (reversible) = confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
- Korsakoff syndrome (irreversible) = dementia, confabulations
Deficiency of B1
- Cheilosis, corneal vascularization (2C)
- Magenta tongue
- Seborrheic dermatitis
Deficiency of B2
- Hepatotoxicity
- Podagra
- Facial flushing
Toxicity of B3
- Pellagra (3D) = dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
Deficiency of B3
- Gopalan’s burning feet syndrome (nutritional melalgia) “paa-ntothenic acid”
Deficiency of B5
- Neurological manifestations
- Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
- Sideroblastic anemia
- Pellagra
Deficiency of B6
- Sensory neuropathy
toxicity of B6
- Long-term antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw egg whites can bind with ____ , thus lead to _________
- Causes dermatitis, enteritis, and alopecia
Deficiency of B7
- Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
- (-) neurologic symptoms
Deficiency of B9
- Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
- (+) neurologic symptoms
Deficiency of B12
