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ANS 328 I: Principles of Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body.

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2
Q

What are the two types of vitamins?

A
  1. Fat soluble.
  2. Water soluble.
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3
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A
  1. Vitamin A.
  2. Vitamin D.
  3. Vitamin E.
  4. Vitamin K.
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4
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins found in the body?

A

Stored in lipids throughout the body.

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5
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins transported following lipid digestion?

A

In chylomicrons.

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6
Q

What are the 2 water soluble vitamins?

A
  1. Vitamin C.
  2. Vitamin B (8).
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7
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins found in the body?

A

In the blood and urine, but are not stored in the body.

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8
Q

What transport protein could water soluble vitamins attach to?

A

Albumin.

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9
Q

What are vitamins in the diet commonly attached to?

A
  1. Protein.
  2. Fatty acids.
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10
Q

What is vitamin A?

A

Any compound that has a biological activity of retinol.

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11
Q

What is the precursor for all other forms of vitamin A?

A

Beta-carotene.

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12
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A
  1. Vision.
  2. Gene transcription (via interactions with nuclear hormone receptors).
  3. Cell proliferation and differentiation.
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of a vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. Skeletal malformation.
  2. Reproductive failure.
  3. Conjunctivitis.
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13
Q

Why is vitamin A the vitamin that is most likely to cause a toxicity?

A

It is stored in the liver, allowing a build-up of vitamin A to occur.

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13
Q

What are the signs of a vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. Impaired growth.
  2. Degradation of mucous membranes.
  3. Abnormal bone growth.
  4. Rough hair coat.
  5. Night blindness leading to blindness.
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14
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin D/the sunshine vitamin?

A
  1. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)-Plants.
  2. Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol*)-Animals.
    *Synthesized from cholesterol.
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15
Q

How is vitamin D converted into its active form?

A

It enters the liver and is turned into 25-hydorxyvitamin D2/D3. Then, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2/D3 is converted into 1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D2/D3.

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16
Q

What animals cannot produce vitamin D?

A
  1. Cats.
  2. Dogs.
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17
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A
  1. Calcium mobilization from bones.
  2. Increased efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption.
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18
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

A
  1. Rickets (Young).
  2. Osteomalacia (adult)
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19
Q

Under what conditions does vitamin D not need to be supplemented?

A

When the animal receives adequate sunlight.
*Vitamin D requirements varies greatly among animals.

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20
Q

What is the chemical name for vitamin E?

A

Alpha-tocopherol.

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21
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

Prevents oxidative damage of membrane lipids.

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22
Q

What are the signs of a vitamin E deficiency?

A
  1. Liver necrosis (swine and rats).
  2. Fetal resorption (rats).
  3. Encephalomalacia (poultry).
  4. Muscular dystrophy.
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23
Q

What are the chemical names for vitamin K?

A
  1. Menaquinone (rumen/hindgut bacteria).
  2. Phylloquinone (plant).
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23
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A

The post-transcriptional modification of clotting factor and osteocalcin.

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24
Q

What is the sign of a vitamin K deficiency?

A

Reduced clotting factor.

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25
Q

How common is B vitamin toxicity?

A

Rare.

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25
Q

What is the main function of B vitamins?

A

Enzyme cofactors in energy metabolism.

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26
Q

What is the chemical name for vitamin B1?

A

Thiamin(e).

27
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B1?

A
  1. Transketolation during DNA/RNA synthesis.
  2. Decarboxylation of ketoacids.
28
Q

What are the signs of a vitamin B1 deficiency?

A
  1. Decreased heart rate.
  2. Paralysis.
  3. Subnormal temperature.
  4. Anorexia.
  5. Convulsions.
29
Q

What is the chemical name for vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin.

30
Q

What is the function of riboflavin?

A

Producing the flavocoenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

31
Q

What is the function of flavin mononucleotide?

A

To aid in the regeneration of FAD.

32
Q

What is the function of flavin adenine dinucleotide?

A

To act as an electron transporter in metabolic reactions.

33
Q

What are the signs of a riboflavin deficiency?

A
  1. Curly toe syndrome (chicks).
  2. Reduced egg hatchability and production.
  3. Skin lesions.
  4. Reduced growth.
  5. Reproductive failure.
34
Q

What are the chemical names for vitamin B3?

A
  1. Niacin.
  2. Nicotinic acid.
  3. Nicotinamide.
35
Q

What is the function of vitamin B3?

A

The synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).

36
Q

What is the function of both NAD and NADP?

A

To act as co-factors in metabolic processes.

37
Q

What are the signs of a vitamin B3 deficiency?

A
  1. Pellagra (Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia).
  2. Reduced growth.
38
Q

What is the relationship between niacin and tryptophan?

A

Tryptophan can be fed to replace niacin for NAD and NADP synthesis.
*60mg niacin is required to make 1mg of NAD in swine, so the process is not very efficient.

39
Q

What is the chemical name for vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic acid.

40
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B5?

A
  1. Acyl carrier protein synthesis (Stabilizes fatty acid synthase).
  2. Coenzyme-A synthesis (co-enzyme in glycolysis).
41
Q

What are the signs of a vitamin B5 deficiency?

A
  1. Goose-stepping (swine only).
  2. Reduced growth.
  3. Dermatitis.
42
Q

What are the chemical names for vitamin B6?

A
  1. Pyridoxamine.
  2. Pyridoxal.
  3. Pyridoxine.
43
Q

What are the functions of pyridoxal?

A
  1. Glycogen phosphorylase synthesis (Necessary for glycogenolysis).
  2. Heme biosynthesis (Oxygen carrier).
  3. Cysteine synthesis (from methionine and used for taurine synthesis).
  4. Decarboxylase enzymes (removing carboxyl groups).
  5. Aminotransferase(s) (non-essential amino acid synthesis).
44
Q

What are the signs of a pyridoxal deficiency?

A
  1. Convulsions.
  2. Dermatitis.
  3. Impaired reproduction.
45
Q

What are the chemical names for vitamin B9?

A
  1. Folate.
  2. Folic acid.
46
Q

What is the function of folate?

A

1-carbon metabolism.

47
Q

What are different reactions that involve 1-carbon metabolism?

A
  1. Methionine cycle.
  2. Interconversion of glycine and serine.
  3. Nucleotide synthesis.
48
Q

What are the signs of folate deficiency?

A
  1. Anemia.
  2. Reduced growth.
  3. Poor reproduction.
49
Q

How much folate does an animal need?

A

Small quantities.

50
Q

What is the chemical name for vitamin B12?

A

Cobalomine.

51
Q

What is required by ruminants and hindgut fermenters to synthesize vitamin B12?

A

Cobalt, which is at the center of vitamin B12.

52
Q

Where can vitamin B12 not be found?

A

Plants.

53
Q

How much vitamin B12 do animals need?

A

Small quantities.

54
Q

What is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12?

A

Intrinsic factors, a type of protein.

55
Q

What cells produce intrinsic factors?

A

Parietal cells.

56
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B12?

A
  1. Methylmalonyl CoA mutase (Conversion of propionate to succinyl-CoA).
  2. Methionine synthase (Methionine cycle involvement).
57
Q

What are the B12 deficiency symptoms?

A
  1. Poor reproduction.
  2. Anemia.
  3. Decreased growth
58
Q

What is the chemical name of vitamin B7?

A

Biotin.

59
Q

What synthesis processes require biotin?

A
  1. Pyruvate carboxylase (Glucose synthase).
  2. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
  3. Propionyl CoA carboxylase (Propionate to succinyl-CoA).
  4. 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (Leucine carboxylase).
60
Q

What are the symptoms of a biotin deficiency in non-ruminants?

A
  1. Dermatitis.
  2. Cracks in foot pads.
  3. Poor growth.
  4. Loss of hair or feathers.
61
Q

What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency in ruminants?

A
  1. Hoof cracks.
  2. Lesions.
62
Q

What is the problem with feeding companion animals raw eggs?

A

Raw eggs contain avidin, which binds biotin and makes it unavailable.

63
Q

What are the functions of choline (formerly known as vitamin B4)?

A
  1. Neurotransmission.
  2. Phospholipid synthesis.
  3. Chylomicron synthesis (Fat transport).
  4. Methyl group donor (Helps with folate deficiency).
    *No deficiency because of no requirement.
64
Q

What is the chemical name for vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid.

65
Q

What animals require vitamin C?

A
  1. Primates.
  2. Guinea pigs.
  3. Some exotics (ex: Fruit bats).
  4. Fish species (ex: rainbow trout).
    *Lack the enzyme gulonolactone.
66
Q

What is vitamin C synthesized from?

A

Glucose.

67
Q

What are the oxygenase activity functions of vitamin C?

A
  1. Tyrosine oxidation.
  2. Carnitine synthesis.
  3. Collagen synthesis.
  4. Norepinephrine synthesis.
  5. Activation of peptide hormones (OT, CCK, calcitonin).
68
Q

What is the other function of vitamin C?

A

Antioxidants.
*Works in conjunction with vitamin E.

69
Q

What are the signs of a vitamin C deficiency?

A

-Scurvy.
1. Bruising/hemorrhaging.
2. Rough coat.
3. Painful joints.
4. Dental issues.
5. Lethargy.

ANS 328 I: Principles of Nutrition (8 decks)

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