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ANS 328 I: Principles of Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements required as nutrients.

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2
Q

What are the two broad classifications of minerals?

A
  1. Macrominerals (>0.01% of the diet).
  2. Micro/ trace minerals (<0.01% of the diet).
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3
Q

Why would feedstuffs vary in the quantities of minerals they provide?

A

For plants, It will depend on the concentration of the minerals in the soil.

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4
Q

What are the 6 macrominerals?

A
  1. Calcium.
  2. Phosphorus.
  3. Magnesium.
  4. Sodium.
  5. Potassium.
  6. Chloride.
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5
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A
  1. Bone mineralization (Ca into hydroxyapatite).
  2. Enzyme activation (blood clotting factor).
  3. Second messenger (muscle contraction).
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6
Q

What are the signs of a calcium deficiency?

A
  1. Impaired nerve function.
  2. Muscle function.
    *Milk fever is not the same thing as a calcium deficiency.
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7
Q

What form is phosphorous typically found in in the diet?

A

Phosphate.

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8
Q

What are the functions of phosphorous?

A
  1. Bone mineralization (P in hydroxyapatite).
  2. Enzymatic reactions.
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation (ATP generation).
  4. Reversible modification of proteins (by enzymes modified by phosphates).
  5. Acid-base buffer (bind or release H+).
  6. Signaling molecules (cyclic AMP).
  7. DNA and RNA (phosphate in the back bone, phosphodiester bonds).
  8. PHOSPHOlipids.
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9
Q

Where is phosphorous deficiency common?

A

In areas with low levels of phosphorous in the soil.

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10
Q

What are the signs of a phosphorous deficiency?

A

Pica.

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11
Q

What mineral must phosphorus be kept in balance with and why?

A

Calcium. Due to both being excreted together, if the typical 2 Ca: 1 P is thrown off, the one that is over supplemented will lead to a deficiency in the other one (even if it is kept the same as it normally would be).

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12
Q

What is rickets/osteomalacia caused by?

A

A deficiency of Ca, P, vitamin D, 2 of them, or all of them.

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13
Q

What physical abnormality is linked with rickets/osteomalacia?

A

Poorly mineralized, spongy bone.

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14
Q

What are the functions of magnesium?

A
  1. Nucleic acid and protein synthesis (Polymerase enzymes).
  2. Second messenger.
  3. Cellular energy metabolism (Hexokinase, enolase).
  4. Ion channels (Na+-K+ ATPase channel).
  5. Anion charge neutralization (ATP being neutralized).
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15
Q

What are the signs of a magnesium deficiency?

A
  1. Convulsions.
  2. Muscle twitching.

*Grass tetany is an associated condition.

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16
Q

Why are sodium, potassium, and chloride classified together?

A

They are all electrolytes.

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17
Q

What are the functions of sodium, potassium, chloride?

A
  1. Nutrient transport.
  2. Membrane potential.
  3. Extracellular fluid volume (water balance and retention).
18
Q

What are the signs of a sodium, potassium, chloride deficiency?

A
  1. Irregular heartbeat.
  2. Diarrhea (decreased nutrient absorption and GI contractions).
  3. Vomiting.
19
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

Thyroid hormone synthesis.

20
Q

What is the sign of an iodine deficiency?

A

Goiter.

21
Q

What are the functions of selenium?

A
  1. Deiodinases (activate thyroid hormone).
  2. Glutathione peroxidase (Antioxidant function).
  3. Selenoprotein P (plasma).*
  4. Selenoprotein W (muscle).*

*Both act like glutathione peroxidase.

22
Q

Why are both selenium toxicity and deficiency a risk when feeding selenium?

A

Selenium has a narrow safety level, making it easy for it to be under or over supplemented.

23
Q

What are the signs of a selenium deficiency?

A
  1. White muscle disease (oxidative damage).
  2. Liver necrosis.
24
Q

What are the signs of selenium toxicity?

A
  1. Blind staggers.
  2. Abnormal hoof growth.
  3. Abnormal hair growth.
25
Q

How is iron stored in the body?

A

Bound to ferritin in the liver.

26
Q

How is iron transported in the body?

A

Bound to transferrin.

27
Q

What are the functions of iron?

A
  1. Heme protein (Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, catalase).
  2. Proteins with iron-sulfate centers (Aconitase).
28
Q

What is the sign of an iron deficiency?

A

Anemia.

29
Q

What are the functions of zinc?

A
  1. Zn metalloenzymes (Aminopeptidases, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate).
  2. Lymphocytes.
  3. Zn-finger protein (Gene transcription).
30
Q

What are the signs of a zinc deficiency?

A
  1. Decreased growth.
  2. Periocular dermatitis.
31
Q

What are the functions of copper?

A
  1. Cu Metalloenzymes: Cytochrome C oxidase.
  2. Iron metabolism through the creation of ceruloplasmin, which allows iron to bind to transferrin.
  3. Neutrophil and T lymphocyte function.
  4. Bone and vascular function through collagen and elastin synthesis.
32
Q

What are the signs of a copper deficiency?

A
  1. GI disturbances.
  2. Anemia.
  3. Ataxia.
  4. Hair depigmentation.
  5. Abnormal bone formation.
  6. Reduced growth.
  7. Aortic rupture (inflexibility).
33
Q

What are the functions of manganese?

A
  1. Mn metalloenzymes: Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
  2. Cartilage formation.
34
Q

What are the signs of a manganese deficiency?

A
  1. Defective bone formation.
  2. Perosis (slipped tendon) in poultry.
35
Q

What are zinc, copper, and manganese all necessary in the formation of?

A

Superoxide dismutases.
*One for each.

36
Q

What is the function of superoxide dismutases?

A

To act as antioxidants by catalyzing the reaction of free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroxide.

37
Q

What two enzymes convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen?

A
  1. Glutathione peroxidase.
  2. Catalase.
38
Q

What type of animal requires sulfur and why?

A
  1. Ruminants.
  2. The rumen microbes require sulfur for sulfur-amino acid synthesis.
39
Q

What are the 2 sulfur amino acids?

A
  1. Methionine.
  2. Cysteine.
40
Q

What are the signs of a sulfur deficiency?

A
  1. Reduced weight gain.
  2. Poor wool growth.

ANS 328 I: Principles of Nutrition (8 decks)

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