vitamins Flashcards
chemical name for vitamin A
retinol
chemical name for vitamin D
calciferols
chemical name for vitamin E
tocopherols
chemical name for vitamin K
quinones
chemical name for vitamin C
ascorbic acid
chemical name for vitamin B1
thiamin
chemical name for vitamin B2
riboflavin
chemical name for vitamin B3
nicotinic acid
chemical name for vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
chemical name for vitamin B6
pyridoxine
chemical name for vitamin B7
biotin
chemical name for vitamin B9
folic acid
chemical name for vitamin B12
cyanocobalamin
which vitamins are fat soluble
A, D, E, K
which vitamins are water soluble
B complex and C
what is avitaminosis
total absence of a vitamin
what is hypovitaminosis
partial lack of a vitamin
what is hypervitaminosis
excessive amount of a vitamin
metabolic functions of retinol
formation and integrity of epithelia
retinal function - combines with opsin to form rhodopsin = needed for night vision
bone growth
immune function
what is the chemical name for pro vitamin A
beta carotene
what are the sources of retinol
liver - accumulates and stored in the liver of animals
egg yolk
milk fat
sources of beta carotene
plants - grass
what are retinol deficient foods
cereal grains
meat
problems of retinol deficiency in cattle
rough scaly skin
night blindness
infertility
abortion
retained placenta
still birth
problems with retinol deficiency in dogs
scaly skin
night blindness
abnormal skeletal growth
problems with retinol deficiency in cats
foetal defects
infertility
problems with retinol deficiency in poultry
symptoms appear quickly
pale comb and wattles, loss of condition, stunted growth, ruffled plumage
susceptible to infectious diseases
high mortality rate
what does poultry require when they are deficient in retinol
require vitamin A supplement in feed
effects of hypervitaminosis A in dogs and cats
abnormal bone deposition
lameness
vertebral spondylosis
gingivitis
weight loss
poor coat
effects of hypervitaminosis A in pigs
excessive intake in pregnant sows may cause cardiac abnormalities in piglets
what is the biologically active form for vitamin D
1,25-dehydroxycholecalciferol
sources of vitamin D
sunlight on skin
oily fish
egg yolk
hay
colostrum
metabolic functions of Vitamin D
promotes Calcium absorption from digesta in the lumen
stimulates phosphorus uptake from gut and reabsorption of both ca and p from bone and kidney
= regulates amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body
problems with deficiencies of vitamin D
rickets (young animals)= weak bones
osteomalacia in adults = weak bones
poor egg shell quality and weak bones in poultry
sources of vitamin E
green fodder
cereals
metabolic functions of vitamin E
biological antioxidant
acts with selenium containing glutathione peroxidase to protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals
important for normal reproductive function, muscular function and capillary integrity
problems with vitamin E deficiency and examples
nutritional myopathy - white muscle disease (calves) and stiff lamb disease
cardiac disease - mulberry heart disease (pigs, calves)
brain damage (crazy chick disease)
lameness and muscle stiffness - tying up (horses)
sources of vitamin K
green leafy materials
egg yolk, liver and fish
gut bacteria synthesises it
how is vitamin K destroyed
heat and exposure to sunlight
metabolic functions of vitamin K
essential for the normal clotting of blood and bone and kidney function
signs of vitamin K deficiency in chicks
anaemia and delayed clotting of blood
what can ruminant bacteria synthesise in sufficient quantity
B complex vitamins
metabolic function of vitamin B complex
pathways of cellular respiration and energy transfer = co-enzymes
sources of vitamin B complex
liver
yeast
green foods
cereals
milk
metabolic functions of Vitamin B1
initiation and propagation of nerve impulses
signs of vitamin B1 deficiency
progressive dysfunction of of the nervous system
paralysis
blindness
muscular dysfunction
loss of appetite
emaciation (thin or weak)
what is the effect of rumen microflora on thiamine (B1)
destroys it and causes a deficiency leading to cerebro-cortical nercrosis =
blindness, recumbency, limb extension, death
what is a poor source of vitamin B2
cereals
metabolic function of vitamin B2
vital for oxidative phosphorylation and hydrogen transport
signs of vitamin B2 deficiency in pigs
poor appetite and growth
skin eruptions
vomiting
eye abnormalities
infertility and abortion
signs of vitamin B2 deficiency in chicks
curled toe paralysis
signs of vitamin B2 deficiency in ruminants
inappetance, diarrhoea and mouth lesions
signs of vitamin B6 deficiency in chicks
neural degeneration and jerky gait
sources of vitamin b12
foods of animal origin eg liver, meat, milk
metabolic function of vitamin B12
important coenzyme in cellular respiratory pathways
signs of vitamin B12 deficiency in young animals
poor growth
sources of ascorbic acid (vit C)
citrus fruits
green, leafy vegetables
synthetic
how is ascorbic acid destroyed
exposure to light and alkali
metabolic functions of ascorbic acid
normal collagen formation
metabolic oxidation and reduction pathways
iron transport
antioxidant
what diet is vitamin c essential in
primates, guinea pigs and fruit bats
where do other species synthesise vitamin c from
glucose
signs of deficiency of vitamin C
muscle and joint pain
lethargy
appearance of red dots on skin
weight loss
diarrhoea
rough hair coat
reduced immune function
