feeding animals

Question 1

define feed stuffs

Answer 1

any material included in a diet or ration because of its nutritional properties

Question 2

why do animals need food

Answer 2

raw materials for building and maintaining cellular and metabolic machinery
growth, reproduction and lactation
source of energy to maintain cellular metabolism, muscle contraction etc

Question 3

define nutrient

Answer 3

any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal reproduction, growth, lactation or the maintenance of life processes

Question 4

what are the 6 classes of nutrient

Answer 4

water
protein
carbs
lipids
vitamins
inorganic elements

Question 5

what is an essential nutrient

Answer 5

nutrients which must be present in the diet un sufficient amounts to supply metabolic needs

Question 6

define diet

Answer 6

combination of feeds provided

Question 7

define ration

Answer 7

amount of food provided daily

Question 8

what is a monogastric digestive system

Answer 8

single chambered stomach

Question 9

which animals have a monogastric digestive system

Answer 9

pigs, dogs, cats and humans

Question 10

pathway of food in a monogastric system

Answer 10

oesophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum

Question 11

what happens in the stomach in monogastric digestive systems

Answer 11

conducts physical and chemical digestive - pepsin and hydrochlorides involved

Question 12

what happens in the small intestine of monogastric digestive systems

Answer 12

enzymatic digestion and absorption

Question 13

name the 3 segments of the small intestine

Answer 13

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Question 14

what happens in the duodenum

Answer 14

digestion

Question 15

what happens in the jejunum

Answer 15

some digestion and some absorption

Question 16

what happens in the ileum

Answer 16

absorption

Question 17

what happens in the large intestine of monogastric digestive systems

Answer 17

bacterial activity
water absorption
waste storage

Question 18

what is the process of rumination aka chewing the cud

Answer 18

bolus regurgitated to mouth
fluid component immediately re-swallowed
fibrous component is masticated 40-70 times
re-swallowed

Question 19

what is rumination

Answer 19

the use of microbial fermentation to help ruminants to digest fibrous foods prior to normal digestion

Question 19

purpose of rumination

Answer 19

mechanical breakdown
increase surface area
increase saliva

Question 19

what is microbial fermentation

Answer 19

breakdown of material (plants) by microbes

Question 20

the difference between hind gut fermentation and ruminant fermentation

Answer 20

fermentation chamber in hind gut occurs after true stomach where as ruminants is before the true stomach

Question 20

advantages to rumen fermentation

Answer 20

re-grind fibre so better digestion/utilization
better absorption of VFA
utilize microbial protein

Question 21

disadvantage to rumen fermentation

Answer 21

all food molecules are consumed by the bugs first

Question 22

advantages of hind gut fermenters

Answer 22

enables animal to utilise other-wise inaccessible nutrients from forage feeds after absorption of accessible nutrients

Question 23

disadvantages of hind gut fermentation

Answer 23

can’t ruminate - less fibre digestion possible
less efficient use of microbial protein and products of fermentation

Question 24

what are volatile fatty acids produced from and what are they used for

Answer 24

produced from rumen microflora fermenting materials
used to supply energy for fat/glucose synthesis

Question 25

where is the microbial population found in hind gut fermenters

Answer 25

within the hindgut or large intestine (caecum and large colon primarily)

Question 26

what are the 3 sources of water

Answer 26

food
drinking water
metabolic water

Question 27

factors affecting digestibility

Answer 27

animal
food
feed preparation

Question 28

animal factors affecting digestibility

Answer 28

species differences
plane of nutrition ie daily intake of food depends on how quickly food digests

Question 29

food factor affecting digestibility

Answer 29

fibre content

Question 30

feed preparation factors that affect digestibility

Answer 30

heat treatments
cold treatments eg rolled, crushed, ground cereals
chemical treatments eg NaOH or NH3