minerals Flashcards
what are macro minerals
major elements
what are micro elements
trace elements
examples of major elements
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
chlorine
sulphur
magnesium
examples of trace elements
iron
zinc
copper
molybdenum
selenium
iodine
manganese
cobalt
what are the 2 most important mineral constituents of bone and teeth
calcium and phosphorus
functions of calcium
structural component of skeleton
controls cell excitability
regulates muscle contraction
many enzyme actions
what is the ratio of Ca:P
1:1 to 2:1
foods that supply calcium and phosphorous in ideal ratio
leafy greens
hay/silage
animal products (milk, meat, eggs)
foods that contain more P than Ca that require artificial ration balancing
bran
cereals
roots
legume and oil seeds
factors affecting absorption of calcium
many plant Ca bound as phytates which prevents absorption in monogastrics
oxalates form insoluble salts when bound to Ca
high fat diets cause binding of free fatty acids to Ca and P to form insoluble soaps
enteritis - inflamed mucosa
signs of hypocalcaemia (milk fever) in dairy cows
flaccid paralysis, general uneasiness, dullness, paddling/shifting of hind legs, dry muzzle, constipation, inability to stand, coma and death
recumbency (downer cow)
rumen stasis
pupil dilation
signs of hypocalcaemia in bitch, sow, beef cattle
eclampsia
signs of hypocalcaemia in growing animals
high rate of skeletal growth
osteodystrophy = abnormal bone growth
rickets = failure of bone to ossify
signs of hypocalcaemia in adult animals
osteomalacia = weakened, thin, bones
decreased milk yeilds
factors affecting absorption of phosphorus
oxalates and phytates
excess dietary Ca or P inhibit absorption of P or Ca
signs of hypophosphataemia
abnormal bone growth and osteomalacia
reduced growth rates
abnormal appetites eg wood chewing
infertility
functions of magnesium
enzyme activator
muscle contraction
propagation of nerve impulses
sources of magnesium
all green plants
meat and bone
magnesite and calcined magnesite
how is absorption of magnesium reduced
high copper and high phytake P intakes
signs of hypomagnesaemia in beef cattle and sheep
dullness, hyperaesthesia, convulsions and death
signs of hypomagnesaemia in lactating cattle and sheep
grass staggers = hyperaesthesia, incoordination, muscle tremor, recumbency, convulsions and death
signs of hypomagnesaemia in dairy cattle
reduced fertility and milk production
control or prevention of hypomagnesaemia
provide shelter
introduce to spring grass slowly
use fertilisers with care and avoid potassium fertiliser in spring
provide mineral mg licks
top dress pastures
increase clover in swords
avoid stress
functions of copper
important in formation of some plasma proteins
component of other blood proteins and plays a role in oxygen metabolism
vital role in many enzyme systems
essential for normal hair, wool and feather pigmentation and crimp in wool
essential for immune function
signs of copper deficiency in all species
anaemia
abnormal bone growth
abnormal hair, feather and wool growth
loss of hair pigmentation
cardiovascular disease
signs of copper deficiency in lambs
swayback - failure or degeneration of normal neural development in lamb
signs of copper deficiency in cattle
failure to thrive
poor growth
stiff gait/lameness
loss of hair pigment
order of copper toxicity tolerance in animals
pigs, horses, cattle, sheep
where does copper accumulate and what is the term
liver
cell necrosis
signs of copper toxicity
jaundice
appetite loss
hepatic coma and death
