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AHW - principles > minerals > Flashcards

minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what are macro minerals

A

major elements

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2
Q

what are micro elements

A

trace elements

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3
Q

examples of major elements

A

calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
chlorine
sulphur
magnesium

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4
Q

examples of trace elements

A

iron
zinc
copper
molybdenum
selenium
iodine
manganese
cobalt

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5
Q

what are the 2 most important mineral constituents of bone and teeth

A

calcium and phosphorus

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6
Q

functions of calcium

A

structural component of skeleton
controls cell excitability
regulates muscle contraction
many enzyme actions

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7
Q

what is the ratio of Ca:P

A

1:1 to 2:1

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8
Q

foods that supply calcium and phosphorous in ideal ratio

A

leafy greens
hay/silage
animal products (milk, meat, eggs)

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9
Q

foods that contain more P than Ca that require artificial ration balancing

A

bran
cereals
roots
legume and oil seeds

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10
Q

factors affecting absorption of calcium

A

many plant Ca bound as phytates which prevents absorption in monogastrics
oxalates form insoluble salts when bound to Ca
high fat diets cause binding of free fatty acids to Ca and P to form insoluble soaps
enteritis - inflamed mucosa

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11
Q

signs of hypocalcaemia (milk fever) in dairy cows

A

flaccid paralysis, general uneasiness, dullness, paddling/shifting of hind legs, dry muzzle, constipation, inability to stand, coma and death
recumbency (downer cow)
rumen stasis
pupil dilation

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12
Q

signs of hypocalcaemia in bitch, sow, beef cattle

A

eclampsia

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13
Q

signs of hypocalcaemia in growing animals

A

high rate of skeletal growth
osteodystrophy = abnormal bone growth
rickets = failure of bone to ossify

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14
Q

signs of hypocalcaemia in adult animals

A

osteomalacia = weakened, thin, bones
decreased milk yeilds

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15
Q

factors affecting absorption of phosphorus

A

oxalates and phytates
excess dietary Ca or P inhibit absorption of P or Ca

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16
Q

signs of hypophosphataemia

A

abnormal bone growth and osteomalacia
reduced growth rates
abnormal appetites eg wood chewing
infertility

17
Q

functions of magnesium

A

enzyme activator
muscle contraction
propagation of nerve impulses

17
Q

sources of magnesium

A

all green plants
meat and bone
magnesite and calcined magnesite

18
Q

how is absorption of magnesium reduced

A

high copper and high phytake P intakes

19
Q

signs of hypomagnesaemia in beef cattle and sheep

A

dullness, hyperaesthesia, convulsions and death

20
Q

signs of hypomagnesaemia in lactating cattle and sheep

A

grass staggers = hyperaesthesia, incoordination, muscle tremor, recumbency, convulsions and death

21
Q

signs of hypomagnesaemia in dairy cattle

A

reduced fertility and milk production

22
Q

control or prevention of hypomagnesaemia

A

provide shelter
introduce to spring grass slowly
use fertilisers with care and avoid potassium fertiliser in spring
provide mineral mg licks
top dress pastures
increase clover in swords
avoid stress

23
Q

functions of copper

A

important in formation of some plasma proteins
component of other blood proteins and plays a role in oxygen metabolism
vital role in many enzyme systems
essential for normal hair, wool and feather pigmentation and crimp in wool
essential for immune function

24
Q

signs of copper deficiency in all species

A

anaemia
abnormal bone growth
abnormal hair, feather and wool growth
loss of hair pigmentation
cardiovascular disease

25
Q

signs of copper deficiency in lambs

A

swayback - failure or degeneration of normal neural development in lamb

26
Q

signs of copper deficiency in cattle

A

failure to thrive
poor growth
stiff gait/lameness
loss of hair pigment

27
Q

order of copper toxicity tolerance in animals

A

pigs, horses, cattle, sheep

28
Q

where does copper accumulate and what is the term

A

liver
cell necrosis

29
Q

signs of copper toxicity

A

jaundice
appetite loss
hepatic coma and death

AHW - principles (13 decks)

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