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CBFM - M1T1 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Where can biotin be found?

A

Liver, yeast, peanuts, milk, chocolate, fish, synthesized by intestinal bacteria

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2
Q

What form of retinol serves as a neuronal signal to the brain?

A

trans-retinol

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3
Q

True/False. Deficiency of Vitamin B5 is very rare.

A

True. Only a small amount is necessary per day, making deficiency very rare.

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4
Q

Vitamin B12 serves as the only cofactor for what enzyme?

A

methylmalonyl CoA mutase - needed to produce TCA intermediates

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5
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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6
Q

What may result from Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Extended blood clotting or bleeding
In newborns - intracranial hemorrhage, neurological problems

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7
Q

What is the most potent form of Vitamin E?

A

alpha Tocopherol

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8
Q

What disease is associated with Vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (Beriberi)

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9
Q

This vitamin serves as a hormone to promote growth and differentiation. When deficient, growth may be poor.

A

Vitamin A

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10
Q

Where can Vitamin A be found in the diet?

A

Liver, green and leafy vegetables, colored vegetables (pumpkin, sweet potatoes, carrots)

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11
Q

What is another name for Vitamin D?

A

Cholecalciferol

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12
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B Vitamins, Vitamin C

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13
Q

Where can vitamin E be obtained in the diet?

A

Vegetable oils, oily seeds, tomatoes, spinach, nuts

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14
Q

What are the active forms of Vitamin B2 in the body?

A

FMN & FAD

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15
Q

Folate is important for what biological processes?

A

Formation of nucleotides and purines

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16
Q

What are the active products of Vitamin B3?

A

NAD+ & NADP+

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17
Q

What may result from Vitamin B6 overdose?

A

Peripheral sensory neuropathy

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18
Q

What are the functions of PLP?

A

Amino acid metabolism, glycogenolysis, heme synthesis

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19
Q

Diarrhea, dermatitis (usually on the back of neck), and dementia are symptoms of what disease?

A

Pellagra - Vitamin B3 deficiency

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20
Q

Describe the role of Vitamin A in vision.

A

Rhodopsin binds a GPCR. When stimulated with light, cis-retinal is converted to trans-retinal. The GPCR activates a phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes cGMP to 5’GMP. The Na channel closes and the cell hyperpolarizes.

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21
Q

Describe the process of nucleotide and purine synthesis from folate.

A

Folate is reduced to THF. Using Vitamin B6, THF is converted to 5,10-methyleneTHF, which can then be used to synthesize nucleotides and purines. Vitamin B12 allows for recycling of 5,10-metheleneTHF back to THF.

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22
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Directly from the GI tract

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23
Q

Vitamin C is necessary for the production of what molecules?

A

Collagen, neurotransmitters, carnitine

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24
Q

Production of reactive nitrogen species is prevented by what antioxidant?

A

Vitamin C

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25
Q

How is Vitamin B12 carried in the blood?

A

As the B12-transcobalamin II complex

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26
Q

How do humans obtain Vitamin B3?

A

Liver, yeast, meats, legumes, fortified cereals

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27
Q

This Vitamin is sensitive to visible light and is degraded upon exposure.

A

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

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28
Q

How does Vitamin D increase calcium absorption in the body?

A

Vitamin D acts as a hormone to bind a vitamin D receptor. It is translocated to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.

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29
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

Ileium

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30
Q

Vitamin K plays an important role in coaglulation. What other function does Vitamin K serve?

A

Carboxylation of bone proteins to better hold Ca2+ and prevent osteoporosis.

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31
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K in coagulation?

A

Vitamin K is a cofactor for the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase which carboxylates prothrombin to be secreted in the blood as a coagulator. Carboxylated prothrombin enhances Ca2+ binding and coagulation.

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32
Q

Elevated levels of this molecule indicate low levels of Vitamins B6, B12, or THF.

A

Homocysteine

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33
Q

Where can Vitamin B6 be obtained?

A

Liver, fish, whole grains, nuts, legumes, eggs, yeast

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34
Q

Thiamin is the name of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin B1

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35
Q

Folate is the name given to what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B9

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36
Q

What is required for Vitamin B12 absorption?

A

Intrinsic factor from parietal cells in the stomach

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37
Q

Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and calcification of soft tissues is associated with overdose of what vitamin?

38
Q

What two groups make up pantothenic acid?

A

Pantoic acid & beta-alanine

39
Q

PLP is the active form of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B6

40
Q

Small amounts of this vitamin can be synthesized by the body using tryptophan.

A

Vitamin B3

41
Q

What diseases are associated with Vitamin B3 deficiency?

42
Q

What diseases are associated with vitamin D deficiency?

A

Children - Rickets
Adults - Osteomalacia

43
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A

Calcium homeostasis - increase intestinal absorption of Ca2+, increase release of Ca2+ from bone, increase Ca2+ absorption in the kidney

44
Q

What vitamin serves as a cofactor for the methionine synthase?

A

Vitamins B12

45
Q

These vitamins as important antioxidants.

A

Vitamins C & E

46
Q

What disease is associated with folate deficiency in adults?

A

Megaloblastic anemia - cell growth, without replication and division, resulting in large RBCs

47
Q

Ascorbic acid is also known as what vitamin?

48
Q

What is the active form of thiamin in the body?

A

TPP - produced via phosprylation

49
Q

Coenzyme A is derived from what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B5

50
Q

Vitamin B2 can be obtained from what sources?

A

Liver, yeast, eggs, meat, milk, fortified cereals

51
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

52
Q

This vitamin acts as a GPCR and is used as a cholesterol-lowering drug in high doses.

A

Vitamin B3

53
Q

What vitamin is used to carry CO2?

54
Q

These drugs serve as antagonists of Vitamin K and are used for patients at risk of deleterious blood clots.

A

Coumarin & Warfarin - inhibit reduction of Vitamin K

55
Q

Insufficient ATP production, muscle wasting, CNS damage, and edema are associated with what disease?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (Beriberi) - Vitamin B1 deficiency

56
Q

Niacin is the name given to what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B3

57
Q

How is retinol stored and transported in the body?

A

As chylomicrons of retinyl-ester carotenoids

58
Q

This protein is found in raw eggs and forms a strong covalent bond with biotin. Excess of the protein may cause biotin deficiency.

59
Q

What is the function of biotin?

A

Serves as the prosthetic group of carboxylases

60
Q

What is the primary source of folate?

A

Green vegetables

61
Q

True/False. Water-soluble vitamins are more commonly associated with accumulation and toxicity.

A

False. Water-soluble vitamins are easily secreted by the body and less seen in toxicity. Conversely, fat-soluble vitamins accumulate and are stored in adipose tissue, making them more common toxants.

62
Q

Scurvy is the result of the deficiency of what vitamin?

63
Q

What role does Vitamin A play in epithelial cells?

A

Helps form mucus membranes within the body by promoting differentiation of epithelial and goblet cells. Vitamin A deficiency leads to the excretion of keratin and thus dry, rough, and scaly skin.

64
Q

What molecule is a precursor of Vitamin A?

65
Q

Where can Vitamin C be obtained in the diet?

A

Fruits and vegetables

66
Q

What molecules make up the one-carbon pool?

A

Formyl, methylene, methyl

67
Q

Glossitis (tongue inflammation) and cheilosis (cracked skin near the mouth) are associated with deficiency of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B2

68
Q

What vitamins play an important role in nucleotide and DNA synthesis?

A

Vitamins B6, B12, and folate

69
Q

Who is at greatest risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Vegans, individuals with bariatric surgery, individuals with autoimmune diseases that destroy parietal cells

70
Q

Tuberculosis drugs may cause deficiencies of this vitamin.

A

Vitamin B6

71
Q

Derivatives of these vitamins play an important role in redox reactions.

A

Vitamin B2 & B3

72
Q

Retinoids are derived from what vitamin?

73
Q

True/False. Vitamin D is not a vitamin when a person is exposed to enough sunlight.

A

True. Vitamin D is synthesized in the body from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. The molecule is hydroxylated in the liver and then in the kidney.

74
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B12?

75
Q

Women typically receive folate supplements during pregnancy. What may result from folate deficiency during pregnancy?

A

Spina bifida (incomplete closure of lumbar spine) & anencephaly (absence of a brain)

76
Q

What derivative of folate is later conjugated to form the function polyglutamate form in tissues?

A

Tetrahydrofolate

77
Q

Excess of Vitamin B3 causes what symptoms?

A

Flushing, burning of the face, arms, and chest, stomach irritation

78
Q

What is the most common vitamin deficiency in newborns?

A

Vitamin K - low tissue storage, no intestinal flora, low vitamin K in milk

79
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B1?

A

Form/break C-C bonds - oxidative decarboxylation (dehydrogenases) and transketolase (PPP)

80
Q

This vitamin serves as a coenzyme for hydroxylation reactions.

81
Q

How do Vitamins C & E differ in their antioxidant capabilities?

A

Vitamin C is a mobile antioxidant and is capable of regenerating Vitamin E. Vitamin E is stationary and prevents free radicals in the cell membrane.

82
Q

Where can Vitamin B12 be obtained in the diet?

A

Clams, crabs, dairy, beef, eggs

83
Q

What is the name of Vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic Acid

84
Q

What are the three forms of Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

85
Q

How can Vitamin K be obtained?

A

Green leafy vegetables, made by bacteria in the intestines, commercially made

86
Q

The body stores enough of this vitamin to last decades.

A

Vitamin B12

87
Q

Abeetalipoproteinemia is the difficulty of absorbing dietary fats. This can lead to vitamin E deficiency. What can result from vitamin E deficiency?

A

Neurological abnormalities, RBC hemolysis

88
Q

What are the sources of one-carbon units?

A

Serine, glycine, histidine, formaldehyde, formate

89
Q

What may result from Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Extended blood clotting or bleeding
In newborns - intracranial hemorrhage, neurological problems

90
Q

What is the result of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anemia (similar to folate deficiency) & neurological dysfunction

CBFM - M1T1 (42 decks)

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