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CBFM - M1T1 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Where can biotin be found?

A

Liver, yeast, peanuts, milk, chocolate, fish, synthesized by intestinal bacteria

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2
Q

What form of retinol serves as a neuronal signal to the brain?

A

trans-retinol

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3
Q

True/False. Deficiency of Vitamin B5 is very rare.

A

True. Only a small amount is necessary per day, making deficiency very rare.

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4
Q

Vitamin B12 serves as the only cofactor for what enzyme?

A

methylmalonyl CoA mutase - needed to produce TCA intermediates

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5
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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6
Q

What may result from Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Extended blood clotting or bleeding
In newborns - intracranial hemorrhage, neurological problems

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7
Q

What is the most potent form of Vitamin E?

A

alpha Tocopherol

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8
Q

What disease is associated with Vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (Beriberi)

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9
Q

This vitamin serves as a hormone to promote growth and differentiation. When deficient, growth may be poor.

A

Vitamin A

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10
Q

Where can Vitamin A be found in the diet?

A

Liver, green and leafy vegetables, colored vegetables (pumpkin, sweet potatoes, carrots)

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11
Q

What is another name for Vitamin D?

A

Cholecalciferol

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12
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B Vitamins, Vitamin C

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13
Q

Where can vitamin E be obtained in the diet?

A

Vegetable oils, oily seeds, tomatoes, spinach, nuts

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14
Q

What are the active forms of Vitamin B2 in the body?

A

FMN & FAD

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15
Q

Folate is important for what biological processes?

A

Formation of nucleotides and purines

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16
Q

What are the active products of Vitamin B3?

A

NAD+ & NADP+

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17
Q

What may result from Vitamin B6 overdose?

A

Peripheral sensory neuropathy

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18
Q

What are the functions of PLP?

A

Amino acid metabolism, glycogenolysis, heme synthesis

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19
Q

Diarrhea, dermatitis (usually on the back of neck), and dementia are symptoms of what disease?

A

Pellagra - Vitamin B3 deficiency

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20
Q

Describe the role of Vitamin A in vision.

A

Rhodopsin binds a GPCR. When stimulated with light, cis-retinal is converted to trans-retinal. The GPCR activates a phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes cGMP to 5’GMP. The Na channel closes and the cell hyperpolarizes.

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21
Q

Describe the process of nucleotide and purine synthesis from folate.

A

Folate is reduced to THF. Using Vitamin B6, THF is converted to 5,10-methyleneTHF, which can then be used to synthesize nucleotides and purines. Vitamin B12 allows for recycling of 5,10-metheleneTHF back to THF.

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22
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Directly from the GI tract

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23
Q

Vitamin C is necessary for the production of what molecules?

A

Collagen, neurotransmitters, carnitine

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24
Q

Production of reactive nitrogen species is prevented by what antioxidant?

A

Vitamin C

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25
How is Vitamin B12 carried in the blood?
As the B12-transcobalamin II complex
26
How do humans obtain Vitamin B3?
Liver, yeast, meats, legumes, fortified cereals
27
This Vitamin is sensitive to visible light and is degraded upon exposure.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
28
How does Vitamin D increase calcium absorption in the body?
Vitamin D acts as a hormone to bind a vitamin D receptor. It is translocated to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.
29
Where is B12 absorbed?
Ileium
30
Vitamin K plays an important role in coaglulation. What other function does Vitamin K serve?
Carboxylation of bone proteins to better hold Ca2+ and prevent osteoporosis.
31
What is the function of Vitamin K in coagulation?
Vitamin K is a cofactor for the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase which carboxylates prothrombin to be secreted in the blood as a coagulator. Carboxylated prothrombin enhances Ca2+ binding and coagulation.
32
Elevated levels of this molecule indicate low levels of Vitamins B6, B12, or THF.
Homocysteine
33
Where can Vitamin B6 be obtained?
Liver, fish, whole grains, nuts, legumes, eggs, yeast
34
Thiamin is the name of which vitamin?
Vitamin B1
35
Folate is the name given to what vitamin?
Vitamin B9
36
What is required for Vitamin B12 absorption?
Intrinsic factor from parietal cells in the stomach
37
Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and calcification of soft tissues is associated with overdose of what vitamin?
Vitamin D
38
What two groups make up pantothenic acid?
Pantoic acid & beta-alanine
39
PLP is the active form of what vitamin?
Vitamin B6
40
Small amounts of this vitamin can be synthesized by the body using tryptophan.
Vitamin B3
41
What diseases are associated with Vitamin B3 deficiency?
Pellagra
42
What diseases are associated with vitamin D deficiency?
Children - Rickets Adults - Osteomalacia
43
What is the function of Vitamin D?
Calcium homeostasis - increase intestinal absorption of Ca2+, increase release of Ca2+ from bone, increase Ca2+ absorption in the kidney
44
What vitamin serves as a cofactor for the methionine synthase?
Vitamins B12
45
These vitamins as important antioxidants.
Vitamins C & E
46
What disease is associated with folate deficiency in adults?
Megaloblastic anemia - cell growth, without replication and division, resulting in large RBCs
47
Ascorbic acid is also known as what vitamin?
Vitamin C
48
What is the active form of thiamin in the body?
TPP - produced via phosprylation
49
Coenzyme A is derived from what vitamin?
Vitamin B5
50
Vitamin B2 can be obtained from what sources?
Liver, yeast, eggs, meat, milk, fortified cereals
51
What is another name for Vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
52
This vitamin acts as a GPCR and is used as a cholesterol-lowering drug in high doses.
Vitamin B3
53
What vitamin is used to carry CO2?
Biotin
54
These drugs serve as antagonists of Vitamin K and are used for patients at risk of deleterious blood clots.
Coumarin & Warfarin - inhibit reduction of Vitamin K
55
Insufficient ATP production, muscle wasting, CNS damage, and edema are associated with what disease?
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (Beriberi) - Vitamin B1 deficiency
56
Niacin is the name given to what vitamin?
Vitamin B3
57
How is retinol stored and transported in the body?
As chylomicrons of retinyl-ester carotenoids
58
This protein is found in raw eggs and forms a strong covalent bond with biotin. Excess of the protein may cause biotin deficiency.
Avidin
59
What is the function of biotin?
Serves as the prosthetic group of carboxylases
60
What is the primary source of folate?
Green vegetables
61
True/False. Water-soluble vitamins are more commonly associated with accumulation and toxicity.
False. Water-soluble vitamins are easily secreted by the body and less seen in toxicity. Conversely, fat-soluble vitamins accumulate and are stored in adipose tissue, making them more common toxants.
62
Scurvy is the result of the deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitmain C
63
What role does Vitamin A play in epithelial cells?
Helps form mucus membranes within the body by promoting differentiation of epithelial and goblet cells. Vitamin A deficiency leads to the excretion of keratin and thus dry, rough, and scaly skin.
64
What molecule is a precursor of Vitamin A?
Carotene
65
Where can Vitamin C be obtained in the diet?
Fruits and vegetables
66
What molecules make up the one-carbon pool?
Formyl, methylene, methyl
67
Glossitis (tongue inflammation) and cheilosis (cracked skin near the mouth) are associated with deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin B2
68
What vitamins play an important role in nucleotide and DNA synthesis?
Vitamins B6, B12, and folate
69
Who is at greatest risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Vegans, individuals with bariatric surgery, individuals with autoimmune diseases that destroy parietal cells
70
Tuberculosis drugs may cause deficiencies of this vitamin.
Vitamin B6
71
Derivatives of these vitamins play an important role in redox reactions.
Vitamin B2 & B3
72
Retinoids are derived from what vitamin?
Vitamin A
73
True/False. Vitamin D is not a vitamin when a person is exposed to enough sunlight.
True. Vitamin D is synthesized in the body from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. The molecule is hydroxylated in the liver and then in the kidney.
74
What is another name for Vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
75
Women typically receive folate supplements during pregnancy. What may result from folate deficiency during pregnancy?
Spina bifida (incomplete closure of lumbar spine) & anencephaly (absence of a brain)
76
What derivative of folate is later conjugated to form the function polyglutamate form in tissues?
Tetrahydrofolate
77
Excess of Vitamin B3 causes what symptoms?
Flushing, burning of the face, arms, and chest, stomach irritation
78
What is the most common vitamin deficiency in newborns?
Vitamin K - low tissue storage, no intestinal flora, low vitamin K in milk
79
What is the function of Vitamin B1?
Form/break C-C bonds - oxidative decarboxylation (dehydrogenases) and transketolase (PPP)
80
This vitamin serves as a coenzyme for hydroxylation reactions.
Vitamin C
81
How do Vitamins C & E differ in their antioxidant capabilities?
Vitamin C is a mobile antioxidant and is capable of regenerating Vitamin E. Vitamin E is stationary and prevents free radicals in the cell membrane.
82
Where can Vitamin B12 be obtained in the diet?
Clams, crabs, dairy, beef, eggs
83
What is the name of Vitamin B5?
Pantothenic Acid
84
What are the three forms of Vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
85
How can Vitamin K be obtained?
Green leafy vegetables, made by bacteria in the intestines, commercially made
86
The body stores enough of this vitamin to last decades.
Vitamin B12
87
Abeetalipoproteinemia is the difficulty of absorbing dietary fats. This can lead to vitamin E deficiency. What can result from vitamin E deficiency?
Neurological abnormalities, RBC hemolysis
88
What are the sources of one-carbon units?
Serine, glycine, histidine, formaldehyde, formate
89
What may result from Vitamin K deficiency?
Extended blood clotting or bleeding In newborns - intracranial hemorrhage, neurological problems
90
What is the result of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Megaloblastic anemia (similar to folate deficiency) & neurological dysfunction

CBFM - M1T1 (42 decks)

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