Final Diseases Flashcards
Vitamin B1 Deficiency (less than 1.2mg/day)
- Beriberi - lack of meat or lots of polished rice causes insufficient ATP, muscle wasting causes cardiovascular damage, CNS- confusion, loss of reflex, edema, mostly plagues alcoholics and sailors.
- Wernicke-Korsakoff - usually associated with alcoholism and poor diet. In these patients, ethanol prevents uptake of B1 causing dry Beriberi (CNS dysfunction), and wet Beriberi (cardiac dilated myopathy, edema)
Vitamin B2 deficiency (less than 1.2mg/day)
Lack of fortified cereals leads to glossitis and cheilosis. In alcoholics, you usually see cracked lips, dark red tongue, dermatitis, normocytic anemia, confusion.
Vitamin B3 deficiency (less than 14-16 mg/day
Lack of cereal, meat, or legumes in diet can lead to Pellagra which consists of diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia. Some diseases like Hartnup’s which prevents absorption of Tryptophan can also cause Pellagra.
Vitamin B3 excess (greater than 35mg/day)
Can be caused by a statin alternative via GPCR that reduce lipolysis (cholesterol)flushing, burning face, stomach irritation
Vitamin B6 excess (more than 500mg for months)
If you eat too much eggs, nuts, fish, yeast, legumes, Vitamin B6 can be toxic and cause peripheral neuropathy.
Vitamin B6 deficiency
Usually related to alcoholics or TB drug use that effects transaminases, decarboxylases, glycogen phosphorylases, and ALA. This can lead to stomatitis, peripheral neuropathy, glossitis, irritability, sideroblastic anemia, seizure
Biotin deficiency
Only get when you eat 20 raw egg whites because avidin of egg binds to biotin preventing it’s absorption.
THF deficiency
If you don’t eat enough fruit or leafy greens Megaloblastic anemia which is where protein synthesis is normal, but without DNA synthesis in bone marrow, so there’s growth without division.
Folate deficiency (less than 400 ug/day)
Can be caused by lack of B12 which rescues the pool of THF. Causes spina bifida, anencephaly
B12 deficiency (less than 2.4 ug)
Need to be made by microorganisms. Can be caused by lack of intrinsic factor from parietal cells (bariatric surgery), autoimmune disease, or lack of transcobalamine (malabsorption) which prevents it from being degraded. Causes folate deficiency, neurological demyelination (not seen in folate deficiency) megaloblastic anemia from lack of folate, and pernicious anemia from lack of intrinsic factor
Vitamin C deficiency
Can’t make collagen because no hydroxylation (no tyrosine or dopamine hydroxylase), scurvy, hemorrhagic gingival mucosa, catecholamine deficiency, no carnitine, more free radicals because vitamin C picks them up.
Vitamin A deficiency
Important to form prosthetic group for rhodopsin. Without it you get night blindness. Also need for growth and differentiation of epithelial because Vitamin A makes hormones that binds to zinc finger.
Vitamin D deficiency (lack of sunlight)
In children causes rickets because it is important for calcium reabsorption and mineralizing the bones. In adults causes osteomalacia
Vitamin D excess
Hypervitaminosis D is when vitamin D isn’t absorbed well leading to hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and metastatic calcification
Deficiency of Vitamin E
Abetalipoproteinemia which causes neurological abnormalities, fragile RBCs
Vitamin K deficiency
Extended bleeding, hemorrhage, neurological problems
Vitamin K excess
can cause clogging so you treat with anti clotting inhibitors of vitamin K epoxide redctase like dicumarol, coumarin, warfarin
Lipid malabsorption (steatorrhea)
Can be caused by Crohn’s, cystic fibrosis, celiac, cirrhosis, small bowel, abetaliopoproteinemia, which can lead to problems with liver, blocked bile duct, blocked pancreatic duct, or defective absorptive cells. Treat with low LCFAs, avoid starvation, and plenty of carbs.
Abetalipoproteinemia
malabsorption and deficient transport of fats, cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins, Leads to fatty stool (steatorrhea), or fat vitamin deficiency.
Biliary atresia
blockage of bile ducts carrying bile from the liver to the gallbladder
Celiac disease
immune disease where people cant eat gluten because it damages their small intestine due to flat microvili. Symptoms are diarrhea, bloating.
Cystic fibrosis
affects sweat and mucus glands caused by mutation in CFTR that causes thick mucus. This thick mucus causes the pancreatic ducts to get blocked, problems absorbing fats and fat soluble vitamins, and fatty stool Treat with no LCFA and vitamin supplements
Cholestasis
reduction or stop of bile flow from liver causing itching, dark urine, light stool. Treat with medication or surgery
Chronic pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas, reducing digestive enzymes to digest fat, protein, and carbohydrates in small intestine.