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CBFM - M1T1 > Dietary Lipids > Flashcards

Dietary Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

A FA has an 8C tail. What is the class of FA?

A

Medium-chain FA

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2
Q

How does digestion of short and medium-chain FAs differ from that of long and very long-chain FAs?

A

SCFAs & MCFAs do not require bile salts for digestion. They are absorbed directly into the intestine and transported to the liver by albumin.

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3
Q

What is Cholestasis? What is the treatment?

A

Rection or stoppage of bile floe from the liver resulting in intense itching, dark urine, and light-colored stools. Treatment through diet, medication, or surgery.

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4
Q

How long are short chain FAs?

A

2-4 carbons

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5
Q

What are the important saturated, long-chain FAs?

A

Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic acids

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6
Q

Bile salts inhibit pancreatic lipases. How is this prevented?

A

The pancreas releases colipase with lipases. The colipases bind the lipases and prevent inhibition.

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7
Q

What are the most common FAs?

A

16 & 18-carbons

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8
Q

What drugs block reabsorption of bile salts to promote production of new salts from cholesterol?

A

Cholestyramines

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9
Q

What is the importance of Oleic acid?

A

Lowers risk of heart disease, LDL, & cholesterol

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10
Q

What is the function of Ezetimibe drugs?

A

Inhibit chylomicron formation to lower cholesterol

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11
Q

Why are long-chain FAs important in the diet?

A

They are a major source of oxidation for fuel during fasting states and play a vital role in brain and immune system development

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12
Q

How do stains decrease cholesterol?

A

Inhibit in vivo cholesterol synthesis

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13
Q

What protein on chylomicrons allows docking to lipoproteins and activation of lipases?

A

ApoCII

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14
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis? How does the disease affect lipid absorption? What is the treatment?

A

Genetic mutation in the CFTR that causes thick mucus blocking pancreatic ducks, problems with fat absorption, and fatty stools. No cure, treatment with low long-chain FA consumption and fat-soluble vitamin supplement.

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15
Q

How are short-chain FAs obtained?

A

They are formed in the intestines by the gut microbiota

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16
Q

What FAs function in inflammation? What about anti-inflammation?

A

Omega 6 FA - pro-inflammatory
Omega 3 - anti-inflammatory

17
Q

Lipoprotein lipases are regulated by insulin and enable the release of FAs to be taken up by surrounding cells. What is the activity of LPL on adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and heart muscle when insulin is high?

A

When insulin is high, the body is in a fed state. LDL activity in adipocytes is increased to store excess FAs. Conversely, LPL activity in the heart and skeletal muscles is low as these cells can rely on glucose in the blood for energy. Low insulin will have the opposite effect on each cell type.

18
Q

True/False. Only 5% of bile sites are recycled and reused.

A

False. 95% of bile salts are reabsorbed and recycled in the liver.

19
Q

How are bile acids formed?

A

Bile acids are formed in the liver by cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation. Cholesterol is oxidated by 7-alpha-hydroxylase to form cholic acid.

20
Q

A FA has a 22C tail. What is the class of FA?

A

Very long chain FA

21
Q

How many carbons are medium-chain FAs?

A

5-12 Carbons

22
Q

What are the 5 types of lipids? How do they differ?

A

Triacylglycerols - Glycerol backbone with 3 FAs

Glycerophospholipids - Glyercol backbone with 2 FAs and phosphate head group

Ether glycerolipids - Glycero-ether backbone with 1 FA and phosphate head group

Sphingophospholipids - Sphingosine backbone with 1 FA and phosphate head group

Glycolipids - Sphingosine backbone with 1 FA and 1 carbohydrate

23
Q

What is the importance of Linoleic acid?

A

Precursor for aracadonic acid, cell membranes, LDL, and cholesterol

24
Q

The Km for muscle LPL is lower than that of adipose. Why is this?

A

This ensures that muscle LPL is always saturated, regardless of triglyceride levels.

25
Q

How are lipids transported in blood and lymph?

A

Via chylomicrons

26
Q

What are micelles? What is their function?

A

Micelles are water-solution combinations of 2-monoglycerides, fatty acids, and bile salts. They enable lipid digestion

27
Q

What long-chain FA increases plasma cholesterol?

A

Myristic acid

28
Q

What unsaturated FA plays an important role in brain function, skeletal and reproductive health, and metabolism?

A

Gamma-Linolenic Acid

29
Q

What unsaturated FA is a precursor for EPA & DHA?

A

Alpha-Linolenic Acid

30
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic Acid & alpha-Linolenic Acid

31
Q

How are chylomicrons synthesized?

A

Chylomicrons are assembled in the Golgi/SER, with the organization from ApoB48. Nascent chylomicrons in the blood interact with HDL to obtain ApoE and ApoCII. Chlymoicrons with ApoB48, ApoE, and ApoCII are considered mature.

32
Q

Describe the digestion of lipids beginning with ingestion.

A

Short- and medium-chain FAs are digested in the mouth by lingual lipases. In the stomach, gastric lipases further break down short- and medium-chain FAs that are then absorbed. As long- and very long-chain FAs move into the intestine, the gall bladder releases bile salts. The pancreas releases lipase, phospholipase, and cholesterol esterase to digest lipids and form micelles. Micelles release their contents into cells of the small intestine, which form chylomicrons in the ER to transport lipids through the body.

33
Q

What is the function of ApoE on chylomicrons?

A

Serves as a ligand for membrane receptors that enable cell entry

34
Q

What is the function of bile acids?

A

To emulsify lipids for digestion

35
Q

What is Celiac Disease? What is the treatment?

A

Autoimmune disease that damages microvilli and prevents gluten digestion. Symptoms include diarrhea and bloating. Treatment with a gluten-free diet.

36
Q

What is abetalipoproteinemia? What is the treatment?

A

Malabsorption and deficient transport of lipids. This results in fatty stool and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. Treatment includes low long-chain FA consumption and fat-soluble vitamin supplements.

37
Q

What is Chron’s Disease? What is the treatment?

A

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of digestion. Causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue. No treatments.

38
Q

What is one of the most important saturated, short-chain FAs? What is its function?

A

Butyric acid - growth arrest & apoptosis, prevention of colon cancer

CBFM - M1T1 (42 decks)

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