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Biochem > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

0
Q

Folic acid supplementation

A

0.4 mg/day or 400 micrograms/ day

During time of conception

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1
Q

MCV of micro and macrocytic anemias

A

Normal MCV: 80-100

If less than 80, micro
If more than 100, macro

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2
Q

Cobalamin

A

Aka vitamin B12

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3
Q

When will the CNS effects of Vit b12 deficiency resolve?

A

The CNS effects are irreversible

High dose oral Vit B12 or IM cyanocobalamin given for life

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4
Q

Active form of vitamin c

A

Ascorbate acid

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5
Q

Main function of ascorbate

A

Reducing agent

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6
Q

Vit B12 is required for what 2 essential enzymatic reactions

A
  1. Synthesis of methionine

2. Isomerization reactions (methylmalonyl CoA –> succ CoA)

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7
Q

Diagnosis of pernicious anemia

A

Schilling test

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8
Q

Parasite than can cause megaloblastic anemia

A

D. Latum

Ingestion of undercooked/ uncooked fish

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9
Q

Spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, anemia

A

Scurvy

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10
Q

Functions of Vitamin c

A

Maintenance of normal connective tissue, wound healing, absorption of dietary iron

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11
Q

Antioxidants

A

Vitamin C
Vitamin E
B- Carotene

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12
Q

Biologically active Vit B6

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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13
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate used as coenzyme for:

A 
AA transamination
Glycogen phosphorylase 
Cystathione synthase 
ALA Synthase 
Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan
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14
Q

How does INH cause Vit B6 deficiency

A

By forming an inactive derivative with pyridoxal phosphate

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15
Q

Vitamin B6 toxicity

A

More than 2 g/day

Presents with gait problems, seizures

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16
Q

Biologically active form of Vit B1

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

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17
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Beri-beri

Wernicke-Korsakoff

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18
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

Weird ACO
Ataxia - leg tremor
Confusion
Ophthalmoplegia - nystagmus, problem with EOMs, double vision, eyelid dropping

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19
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

Korny si CHA

Confabulation - making up stories because one doesn’t remember
Hallucinations
Amnesia - anterograde

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20
Q

Thiamine used as cofactor for

A

Pryruvate
Alpha ketoglutarate
Branched chain AA dehydrogenase
Transketolase reactions in HMP shunt

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21
Q

Pellagra

A

Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhea
Death

Niacin deficiency (B3)

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22
Q

Effect of niacin on fat

A

In adipose, strongly inhibits lipolysis
In liver, decreases triacylglycerol synthesis

Increases HDL levels
Lowers TAG, LDL, VLDL

ADR: flushing, hyperuricemia
Drugs that cause flushing: VANC
Vancomycin, adenosine, niacin, CCBs

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23
Q

Niacin can be derived from what AA

A

Tryptophan

Requires Vit b6

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24
Q

Hartnup disease

A

Decreased tryptophan absorption

25
Q

Active forms of niacin

A

NAD+

NADP+

26
Q

Active forms of vitamin B2

A

FMN - flavin mononucleotide
FAD - flavin adenine dinucleotide

Both can accept two hydrogen atoms each

27
Q

Dermatitis, cheilosis, glossitis, corneal vascularization, stomatitis

A

Vit b2 deficiency

Glossitis - tongue appearing smooth and purplish
Cheilosis - fissuring at corners of the mouth
Stomatitis - inflammation of oral mucosa

28
Q

Biotin is a coenzyme for?

A

Carboxylation reactions

29
Q

What food can induce symptoms of biotin deficiency

A

Raw egg white

Contains AVIDIN which tightly binds biotin, preventing its absorption from the intestines

31
Q

Vitamin that is a component of fatty acid synthase

A

Vitamin b5

32
Q

Essential functions of vitamin A

A

Vision
Reproduction
Growth
Maintenance of epithelial tissue

33
Q

What form of vitamin A mediates vision

A

Retinal

Other reactions are mediated by retinoic acid

34
Q

Physiology: What substance directly stimulates rods?

A

Metarhodopsin II

35
Q

Where is vitamin A stored?

A

Liver. Ito cells

36
Q

Earliest sign of Vitamin A deficiency

A

Nyctalopia

37
Q

Severe vitamin A deficiency leads to?

A

Xerophthalmia

38
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

Pathologic dryness of conjunctiva and cornea

May lead to corneal ulceration and blindness (formation of opaque scar tissue)

39
Q

Form of vitamin A used in treatment of dermatologic problems

A

Retinoic acid

Tretinoin (all trans retinoic acid) –> treatment also for APML
Isotretinoin (oral)

40
Q

Teratogenic effect of vitamin a

A

Craniofacial anomalies

41
Q

Ergocalciferol

A

Vitamin D2 - found in plants

42
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

Vitamin D3 - found in animals

43
Q

Major storage form of vitamin D

A

25–OH D3 (after first hydrolyation in the liver)

Also the most predominant form in plasma

44
Q

Most potent vitamin D metabolite

A

1,25-di-OH D3

45
Q

Overall function of 1,25-diOH D3

A

To maintain plasma levels of calcium

46
Q

What secretes PTH

A

Chief cells of parathyroid gland

47
Q

What secretes calcitonin

A

Para follicular/ C cells of thyroid gland

48
Q

Continued formation of collagen matrix of bone but incomplete mineralization, resulting in soft pliable bones

A

Rickets

49
Q

Demineralization of preexisting bone, increasing susceptibility to fractures

A

Osteomalacia

50
Q

Most toxic vitamin

A

Vitamin D

51
Q

Principal role of vitamin K

A

Post-translational modification of various blood clotting factors

52
Q

Why do we give vitamin K to newborns

A

They have sterile bacteria and cannot initially synthesize vitamin K

53
Q

Vitamin K dependent factors

A

1972

Protein c, s

54
Q

After how many hours does warfarin have anti-coagulative effects

A

Within first 48-72 hrs, predominant effect is inhibition of protein C and S (promotes coagulation) –> necrosis

After 72 hrs, starts to exert anti-coag effect

Therefore, make sure to overlap with heparin in the first 3 days

55
Q

Most active vitamin E

A

Alpha tocopherol

56
Q

Primary function of vitamin e

A

Antioxidant

57
Q

Least toxic of fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin E

58
Q

Active form of folic acid

A

Tetrahydrofolate

59
Q

What is the effect of vitamin D deficiency on calcitonin

A

Low vitamin D deceases secretion of calcitonin

60
Q

Does vitamin K increase or decrease coagulation time?

A

Vitamin K decreases coagulation time

61
Q

Earliest manifestation of megaloblastic anemia

A

Hyper segmentation of neutrophils (more than 5)

Normal: 3-5

91
Q

Vitamin that is a component of coenzyme A

A

Pantothenic acid (Vit B5)

Biochem (11 decks)

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