vitamins

Question 1

vitamin A

Answer 1

maintenance of epithelial cells
Stored in liver
destruction by oxidation

Question 2

vitamin D

Answer 2

calcium and phosphorus metabolism
sunlight or supplemented
bone formation, growth, CHO metabolism

Question 3

vitamin E

Answer 3

Antioxidant (with selenium)
plant synthesized
rapidly destroyed in spoiled fat

Question 4

vitamin K

Answer 4

Blood Clotting
synthesized in the body
creates Ca binding sites 
Supplemented in pigs
activates pro-thrombin

Question 5

Vitamin A (tox & Def)

Answer 5

monogastric 4-10 times
ruminants 30 times

skeletal malfunctions, weak growth, reproductive problems

late winter
rough hair and swollen legs (cattle)
reproductive problems
incoordination (posterior paralysis)(pigs)
eye problems (night blindness)
weak growth

Question 6

vitamin D (tox & def)

Answer 6

cumulative tox
pregnant cows more susceptible
In poultry: chronic heart failure, leg problems (fixed by Vit A supplementation)

retarded growth
rickets, lameness, softshell, low calving rate

Question 7

Vitamin E (tox & def)

Answer 7

non-toxic (high Vit E improve meat shelf life)

Muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease)
liver necrosis(pigs)
Brain degradation (poultry)
poor growth
stiff lamb disease

Question 8

Vitamin K ( tox & def)

Answer 8

non-toxic

Haemorrhage
increase blood clotting time

Question 9

B1 (thiamine)

Answer 9

conversion of pyruvate to acetate
cho metabolism

Deficiency:loss of appetite, weakness, nervous disease, general weakness and beriberi
usually not defiencent unless thiaminases are present

Question 10

B2 (Riboflavin)

Answer 10

deficiency: poor reproduction ( small litters + deformed young), curly toe paralysis in poultry, digestive disturbance, eye abnormalities, and weakness

Question 11

B6

Answer 11

3 forms: pyridoxine (stable)
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine
coenzyme for 50 enzymes.

Deficiency: unlikely, retarded growth, convulsions, reduced appetite and anaemia (pigs) jerky movement and poor eggs/ egg production

Question 12

Pantothenic acid

Answer 12

synthesized by rumen microorganisms
rare deficiency
chickens: weak growth, dermatitis, weak hatchability
pigs: slow growth, diarrhoea, hair loss, scales, “goose-stepping”

Question 13

Folic acid

Answer 13

Dna and rna synthesis

Poor growth, anaemia, poor bones, poor reproduction

Question 14

Biotin

Answer 14

fatty acid synthesis

Question 15

Biotin (poultry)

Answer 15

weak growth dermatitis
legbone abnormalities cracked feet
poor feathering Fatty liver and kidney

Question 16

Biotin(pigs)

Answer 16

low reproduction
foot lesions
hair loss
dry scaly skin

Question 17

Choline

Answer 17

rare deficiency (weak growth, fatty liver, spray legs(pigs))

sources: green leafy plants, yeast, egg yolk, cereal grains
synthesized in liver or rumen

Question 18

b12 (cyanobalamin)

Answer 18

synthesized in intestines (needs Co)

origin in liver.

Question 19

Cyanoblanin(b12) deficiency

Answer 19

poultry: poor feathers, kidney damage, low hatchability
pigs: lack of hind leg coordination, dermatitis, rough coat
ruminants: reduced appetite, anaemia, emaciation

Question 20

Vitamin C

Answer 20

nb for oxidation-reduction reactions and normal collagen and Fe metabolism

Deficiency:None in livestock
human= Scurfy

nb!! supplemented on hot days for thermo reg and respiration.

Question 21

vitamins definition

Answer 21

organic compounds present in minute amounts in foodstuffs that are essential for normal metabolism of which lack causes deficiency diseases

Question 22

provitamins

Answer 22

substances that can be converted to vitamins by metabolic processes
have little to no vitamin activity