visual word recognition and cognitive neuroscience - l4 (goblin) Flashcards
What is visual word recognition?
The ability to recognize written words visually without the need for phonetic decoding.
Define auditory word recognition.
The process of recognizing words through auditory input.
What is potential parallel input in word recognition?
The ability to process multiple inputs simultaneously.
What does orthography refer to?
The conventional spelling system of a language.
Explain clear lexical segmentation.
The ability to identify distinct words within continuous speech or text.
What is learned ability in word recognition?
A skill that becomes automatic after practice and exposure.
What is serial input in auditory word recognition?
The processing of auditory information in a sequential manner.
What is character recognition?
The ability to identify and interpret written characters.
through template matching and feature decision
Describe template matching in character recognition.
Storing representations of letters in memory and matching observed characters to these templates.
What are storage concerns in template matching?
The challenge of storing all possible representations of letters.
What does normalization to letter prototypes involve?
Adjusting the representations of letters to a standard form to facilitate recognition.
Define feature detection in character recognition.
Breaking down characters into their constituent parts and comparing them to memory patterns.
analysis by synthesis
What is the word superiority effect?
The phenomenon where letters are recognized better when they are part of a word than when they are presented in isolation.
What is the interactive activation model?
A model that explains word recognition through the interaction of features, characters, and words.
What is deep orthography?
A writing system where the relationship between letters and sounds is complex and variable.
What is shallow orthography?
A writing system with a consistent one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds.
What is the Dual Route Theory?
A theory suggesting two routes for word recognition: a direct route and an assembled route.
evidence - Orden 1987
-Dual Route evidence
Homophone effect occurs mainly in low frequency words (Jared & Seidenburg, 1991)
Low frequency words: assembled route
High frequency words: direct route
Low frequency words with regular spelling-to-sound rules recognised faster than those that are irregular
Plump recognised faster than Caste
No difference with high frequency words
Stop recognised at same speed as Says
Race between routes
High frequency words: direct route usually wins
Low frequency words: assembled route usually wins
What are the two primary kinds of dyslexia?
- Phonological dyslexia (60%) - trouble with assembled route, poor reading on low frequency words
- Surface dyslexia (40%) - sound out all words laboriously as beginning readers, problems in visual perception or memory prevents bottom up visual processing of characters
What does the N400 component in ERPs indicate?
It reflects the processing of semantic information and sensitivity to context.
sensitive to the organization of semantic knowledge
What is the role of orthographic neighborhood in lexical decision?
Words from larger neighborhoods are recognized as words more quickly due to partial activation.
-Partial activation of all neighbourhood words
Lexical decision based upon activation level of individual word or
Lexical decision based upon global lexical activity (Grainger & Jacobs, 1996)
True or False: The assembled route is primarily used for high frequency words.
False
Fill in the blank: The _______ effect occurs mainly in low frequency words.
homophone
what are the characteristics of visual word recognition?
potential parrallel input
orthography
clear lexical segmentation
learned ability -> later becomes automatic
what are the characteristics of auditory word recognition?
serial input
phonetics
no clear segmentation cues
unaided acquisition
how is feature detection done?
analysis by synthesis
1. character broken down to its constituent parts
2. list of parts compared to patterns in memory
3. best matching pattern chosen
what is the assembled route hypothesis?
-visual analysis of characters
-activation of phoneme corresponding to character
-remaining lexical access as Spoken Word recognition
what are the routes to visual word recognition?
visual routes
assembled route hypothesis
deep and shallow orthography
what is some cross linguistic evidence of multiple routes?
Frost, Katz and Bentin, 1987
-Task: Name target words as quickly as possible
Targets preceded by semantically related prime words
Direct Route: Phonological information accessed after lexical access
Assembled Route: Phonological information accessed before lexical access
Cross-linguistic analysis:
Hebrew: deep orthography
English: (less) deep orthography
Serbo-Croatian: shallow orthography
Results
Hebrew: Semantic priming
English: Less semantic priming (but still significant)
Serbo-Croatian: No semantic priming
Interpretation
Shallow orthography: assembled route
Deep orthography: direct route
Middle ground (e.g. English): both routes available
what did Coltheart 2001 do?
what did ferrand and grainger 1994 do?
what role do ERPs in language research have?
Allows us to investigate how language processing unfolds in real-time.
Can monitor “covert” processing when there is no “overt” behavioral response.
Can ask which stage is affected by a given experimental manipulation.
Allows us to test models of cognitive processes and evaluate how these models map onto the brain.
what is the relationship between the N400 and orthographic neighbourhood?
N400 sensitive to semantic aspects of word processing
N400 larger when a word has more semantic association (Kounios & Holcomb, 1992)
If partial activation of orthographic neighbours
Larger semantic activation with larger neighbourhoods
Difference in the total semantic activation reflected in the size of the N400
Predicts: Larger N400 for larger neighbourhoods
For words and non-words
