structure of memory (lecture one verde) Flashcards
how was memory described in behaviourism?
in terms of what you can observe: the relationship between stimulus and response
how did experimental psychology view memory?
as information processing -> developed models of stores for attention like the multi store model (Atkinson & shifrin) -> things occur in discrete serial stages -> in reality is a neural network where multiple things happen in parallel across locations
what is memory about?
shaping our perception of the present
-influencing what we experience in the moment
what does the Multi-store model provide evidence for?
3 types of memory stores
characteristics of each type of memory
what is stored in the sensory memory?
-visual information about the 5 senses
-memory is tested through the whole report procedure or partial report procedure
what is the whole report procedure?
ppts asked to recall all the letters in the display
what is the partial report procedure, tested by Sperling 1960?
ppts asked to recall only the middle row of letters
what were the results of sterling 1960?
whole report lead to recall of 33% of the 9 letter display
partial report lead to recall more than 75% of 3 letter row
what were the conclusions of sterling 1960?
-sensory memory has a large capacity but information decays rapidly
-after 1 second, information faded but can be rehearsed & kept in short term memory
what is the capacity of the sensory memory?
large
what is the duration of sensory memory?
less than one second
what is the storage of short term memory?
-hold 7 chunks(combined of several words) (Miller 1956)
-useful for everyday tasks: mental arithmetic, holding a conversation and remembering several names
-capacity measured with memory span test
what did Naveh-Benjamin & Ayres 1986 find about short term memory?
span differs among cultures
chunks have size and bigger chunks take up more space
-size related to pronunciation rate - when digits have more syllables, fewer can be held in STM.
can hold more short words than long in Greece, china, Spain.
what did Peterson & Peterson 1959 study?
short term memory
- Hear letter sequence, count backwards (time interval), recall sequence…
-added an intervening task - no maintenance rehearsal
-found memory decays as time interval increases
what is the duration of short term memory?
less than 30s
what can forgetting be reasoned too?
interference
Interference = displacement by other memories
Proactive Interference (from earlier memories)
Retroactive Interference (by later memories)
what did Wickens et al, 1976 find?
participants took part in three trials (3 fruits in each)
-found learning items from same category lead to increasingly worse memory
-changing to a new category leads to release from proactive interference
why do Baddeley & Hitch 1974 use the term working memory over the short term memory?
working memory is not simply a passive storage area
-a place where information for current goals and activities is held and actively processed
what is the baddeley and hitch working memory?
phonological loop - stores auditory information
visuospatial sketchpad - stores visual and spatial information
central executive - integrates information from other components (episodic buffer)
what did Chai et al 2018 do?
-the visuospatial sketchpad involves tasks like visual objects and spatial location
-evidence for distinction between VSS and PL
PL information does not interfere with visuospatial information
what did Baddeley & Hitch 1974 do?
what did Luck & Vogel 1997 do?
what did Brandimonte, et al 1992 do?
-asked ppts to memorise six objects and visualise the objects, whilst subtracting parts of it
-two groups: condition and articulatory suppression group (say la-la-la while memorising objects)
-predicted it would prevent turning pictures into words preserving their image form
what were the results from Brandimonte et al 1992?
the control group has 45% accuracy for correct recall of the picture
the AS group had 63% accuracy for correct recall of the picture
-> evidence for distinction between phonological and visuospatial information in WM
