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Cognitive Psychology > Visual Word Recognition > Flashcards

Visual Word Recognition Flashcards

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1
Q

How many years have we been studying reading/writing?

A

5400 years

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2
Q

What are 3 properties of visual word recognition?

A
  1. Fast and automatic
  2. Flexible
  3. Precise
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3
Q

How many words per minute do adults read?

A

250-300

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4
Q

How long does it take for the brain to distinguish between words and non words?

A

200 ms

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5
Q

What does it mean when we say word recognition is flexible?

A

It can understand different scripts/fonts/handwriting

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6
Q

What does it mean when we say that word recognition is precise?

A

We are able to distinguish between words that are similar (TRAIL/TRIAL).

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7
Q

What were the findings of the ERP Megastudy (Dufau et al., 2015)?

A

The brain processes word information quickly.

Concreteness - 300-400ms
Word frequency - 300-400ms
Number of letters - 200ms
Visual complexity - 100ms

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8
Q

What task was used in the ERP Megastudy (Dufau et al., 2015)?

A

Go/no-go lexical decision task.

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9
Q

What 2 aspects did Hauk et al. (2006) look at in relation to word recognition? What were the findings?

A

Typicality and lexicality.
Typicality processed at 100ms.
Lexicality processed at 200ms.

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10
Q

What is an example of a typical and an atypical word?

A

Typical: lint
Atypical: kiwi

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11
Q

What is the lexicality of words?

A

Words vs pseudowords.

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12
Q

What were Stroop’s (1935) findings?

A

People are slower to name the ink colour than reading the words aloud.

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13
Q

What were Bisson et al. (2012)’s findings about the automatic nature of word recognition through eye movements?

A

We are very drawn to written words (subtitles).

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14
Q

What were the findings about the automatic nature of word recognition through masked priming?

A

A masked orthographically related non-word prime generally speeds up target word processing relative to an orthographically unrelated prime (e.g. Forster et al., 1987).

e.g. bontrast - CONTRAST vs. shaulder - CONTRAST.

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15
Q

What is the prime duration usually?

A

20-250ms (usually 60ms).

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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of a masked prime paradigm?

A

Mask - Prime - Target.

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17
Q

What did Ferrand & Grainger (1993) find in their study using masked priming?

A

When the prime is presented for a shorter duration, orthographically similar words are recognised quicker.

When the prime is presented for longer, phonologically similar words are recognised quicker.

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18
Q

What were Parea et al.’s (2015) findings on case alternation’s influence on word recognition?

A

It didn’t matter at all. The priming effect was the same whether the prime word was in all lower caps or alternating case.

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19
Q

What were Moret-Tatay et al.’s (2011) findings on the influence of font on word recognition? What % of the participation was this found in?

A

Sans serif words were recognised 19 ms faster than words written in serif font.

This effect was found for 80% of the participants.

20
Q

Is orthographic processing unique to humans?

A

No. Baboons were able to learn some words. (Grainger et al., 2012).

21
Q

What is orthographic processing of words?

A

Breaking down the word into features > whole letters > whole word.

22
Q

What was the process of Grainger at al.’s (2012) baboon experiment?

A
  1. Baboons were presented with a word or a non word.
  2. They had to decide whether it was a real word or not.
  3. They were rewarded if they were correct.
23
Q

If the non word looks like a word, the accuracy is ________.

A

Reduced.

24
Q

How can we distinguish between anagrams?

A

Position specific coding (letters are associated with a certain position in a word).

25
Q

Who came up with the Interactive Activation model?

A

McClelland & Rumelhart (1981)

26
Q

What is the Interactive Activation model?

A

This is loosely based on the idea of a neural network.
It is a localist connection model - there is direct mapping between nodes/things in a network.

27
Q

What 3 sections is the Interactive Activation model broken down into?

A
  1. Visual features
  2. Letters
  3. Words
28
Q

Interactive Activation model: When a feature is recognised, it sends ______ to a letter.

A

Excitation.

29
Q

Word nodes _______ all other word nodes. This is known as ____________.

A

Inhibit.
Lateral inhibition.

30
Q

What was the original Interactive Activation model developed for?

A

An English lexicon of 4-letter words

31
Q

How many pools of representations are there at letter and feature levels of the Interactive Activation model?

A

4 (1 for each letter positioning)

32
Q

Interactive Activation model: What does resting level activated of word nodes vary between?

A

-0.046 and 0.

33
Q

Interactive Activation model: What does activation of each node vary between?

A

-0.2 and 1.0.

34
Q

What is transposition priming? How does this affect response time?

A

Where 2 letters are swapped in a word.
eg. anwser-ANSWER

Response time stays very similar.

34
Q

What is transposition priming? How does this affect response time?

A

Where 2 letters are swapped in a word.
eg. anwser-ANSWER

Response time stays very similar.

35
Q

What is relative position priming?

A

Letters maintain their relative positions but dashes were added in or letters were removed.

36
Q

What did Grainger et al. (2006) find in their study on relative position priming effect?

A

The relative position prime still acted as a prime, suggesting the order of the letters is what’s significant in word recognition.

37
Q

What is the Open Bigram Model?

A

This model codes the relative position of adjacent and non-adjacent letters using open bigrams.

Eg. TAKE activates open bigrams: TA, TK, TE, AK, AE, and KE.

38
Q

Open Bigram Model: How do you calculate the overlap between prime and target?

A

By counting the shared open bigrams between the prime and target.

The model assumes a maximum of two intervening letters.

gadren - GARDEN has 92% overlap (11/12)
galten - GARDEN has 25% overlap (3/12)

39
Q

What is the Overlap Model (Gomez et al., 2008)?

A

A method that calculates the match between the prime and the target.

(Computation of the orthographic overlap between two strings).

40
Q

What is the Spatial Coding Model (Davis, 2010)? What type of model is this?

A

The order of letters is transformed in a set of temporal values assigned to each letter.

It is a localist connectionist model.

40
Q

What is the Spatial Coding Model (Davis, 2010)? What type of model is this?

A

The order of letters is transformed in a set of temporal values assigned to each letter.

It is a localist connectionist model.

41
Q

What 3 open bigram models did Kinoshita & Norris (2013) compare the match-value of in Experiment 1? What were the findings?

A
  1. binaryOB
  2. OOB
  3. SERIOL

Priming effect was strong for id-2letters.
Match values didn’t predict a priming value for TL-2letters but there was one.

42
Q

What did Kinoshita & Norris (2013) look at in Experiment 2? What were the findings?

A

They manipulated the number of intervening letters of the open bigram.

The models didn’t predict a priming effect but one was found.

43
Q

What is a limitation of open bigram models?

A

The role of semantics isn’t considered.

44
Q

What did Perea & Lupker find in their study of the role in semantics?

A

They questioned: Can JUDGE activate COURT?

Judge DID produce a priming effect.
This supports the role of semantics.

Cognitive Psychology (19 decks)

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