Effective Encoding Flashcards
What are the 4 types memory research?
- Pragmatic
- Experimental
- Atheoretical
- Theoretical
What is pragmatic memory research?
Seeking ways to improve people’s abilities to learn and remember
What is experimental memory research?
Documenting the existence and nature of memory phenomena with observations that are systematically collected
What is atheoretical memory research?
Characterising memory in an intuitive and informal manner; focusing on phenomena rather than explanations
What is theoretical memory research?
Explaining the mechanisms of memory with theories, models, or metaphors that capture part of a phenomenon
What 2 types of memory research is currently used most often?
Experimental & theoretical.
What are the 2 most useful types of memory research?
Pragmatic and atheoretical.
What method of memory research did Plato and Aristotle use?
Theoretical.
What method of memory research did Aristotle use?
Atheoretical.
What memory research method are mnemonics an example of?
Pragmatic.
In which centuries was theoretical memory research revisited?
16th and 17th.
What methods of memory research did Ebbinghaus use?
Experimental and atheoretical.
Who was Ebbinghaus influenced by?
Fechner (1860)
What was Ebbinghaus’ fundamental unit of memory?
The nonsense syllable.
What was Ebbinghaus’ ‘Method of complete mastery’?
How long it took him to learn a list well enough that he could repeat it perfectly on two occasions.
What was Ebbinghaus’ ‘Method of savings’?
Key measure of retention was how much less time he took to relearn a list.
Ebbinghaus found that re-encoding is much _______ than initial coding.
Faster.
Encoding difficulty _______ ________ with list length.
Increases disproportionately.
After 7 items, doubling the list length more than __________ the time to learn the list. But after that, the rate of increase in difficulty may ______.
Quadruples, reduce.
What is massed encoding?
Eg. Learning 4 hours straight before an exam.
What is distributed encoding?
Eg. Learning 1 hour per week in the month leading up to the exam.
What are 4 reasons why distributed encoding works?
- It is hard
- Encoding variability
(increase of available cues) - Deficient processing hypothesis
(you don’t may so much attention to recently encountered things) - Study-phase retrieval
(you tend to revisit topics in distributed learning and retrieval benefits memory)
How much faster were words learned if they were given an appropriate network of meanings? (Bower et al., 1969)
4 times faster.
How much faster were words learned if they were given an appropriate network of meanings? (Bower et al., 1969)
4 times faster.
False recall and recognition was almost always associated with high ______________.
Schema Expectancy.
What 2 factors predict recall despite being negatively correlated with one another?
- Schema expectancy
- Saliency
Why are mind maps more effective if you make them yourself?
The generation effect.
What is the generation effect?
Memory for self-generated items is much better than items you have been presented with.
Generally optimal inter-session intervals are approximately _______ of retention intervals.
10-20%.
