Encoding failures: Things that never make it to LTM Flashcards
What was the procedure for Simon & Emmon’s (1956) sleep learning study?
During sleep, participants heard questions and answered every 5 minutes.
Their EEGs were recorded throughout the night to monitor their sleep.
What were the percentage of learning for…
Awake but relaxed:
Drowsy:
Drowsiness/light sleep transition:
Asleep:
Awake but relaxed: 80%
Drowsy: 50%
Drowsiness/light sleep transition: 5%
Asleep: No effect
How many patients produced almost verbatim reports of the anaesthetist’s comments in hyponosis?
How many produced partial reports?
How many had no recall?
Verbatim - 4
Partial - 4
No recall - 2
What were some issues with Levinson’s (1965) anaesthesia study?
- Ethical questions
- No control
- Suggestibility under hypnosis
- Experimenter not blind to hypnosis
- No measure of degree of anaethesia
What 2 issues are raised from the phenomenon of memory from anaesthesia?
- Anaesthesia may not be total (cocktail issue)
- Anaesthetic (hypnotic agent)
- Analgesic (removes pain)
- Muscle relaxant - Different tests of memory may reveal different evidence for memory from anaesthesia.
What is explicit memory?
A memory that requires conscious recollection of prior experiences.
What is implicit memory?
A memory that is revealed on tasks that do not require reference to a specific episode.
What are 3 typical explicit memory tasks?
- Free recall
- Cued recall
- Recognition
What is a free recall task?
Subject attempts to remember target information without any assistance from the experimenter.
What is a cued recall task?
Subject attempts to remember the target information in the presence of some specific cue.
What is recognition?
Subject is presented with a stimulus and must decide whether it is one that he or she was asked to remember.
What are 3 typical implicit memory tasks?
- Word stem completion
- Word fragment completion
- Degraded picture naming
What is ‘weapon focus’?
The idea that arousal (during a crime) causes attention focusing such that only ‘central information’ is attended to. For example, the attacker’s knife rather than face.
