Visual Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Visual Motor vs. Visual Perceptual Systems

A

MOTOR: eyes and body; hand/eye coordination.

PERCEPTUAL: how eyes see things; interpretation

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2
Q

Visual Perception

A

Total process responsible for the reception and cognition of visual stimuli. Includes:
• Visual-Receptive (receiving stimuli)
• Visual-Cognitive (understanding/using stimuli)
• Visual Information Analysis (integration with other systems)

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3
Q

Anatomy of Eye

A

Part of Visual-Receptive Components of visual performance.
• Cones (color)
• Rods (night/peripheral)
• Pupillary cells (dilation/constriction)
• Fovea Centralis (point of clearest vision)
• Optic Nerve (transmit to brain)

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4
Q

Ocular Motor System

A
Part of Visual-Receptive Components of visual performance.
• Fixation
• Pursuit/Tracking
• Saccadic Movement
• Acuity
• Accommodation
• Binocular Vision
• Stereopsis
• Convergence/Divergence
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5
Q

Fixation

A

Ability to hold focus on something.

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6
Q

Pursuit/Tracking

A

Ability to follow an object with eyes.

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7
Q

Saccadic Movements

A

Eyes jump between two points (need this to read).

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8
Q

Acuity

A

How well you see.

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9
Q

Accommodation

A

How eyes work to focus on something (changing optical power based on distance).

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10
Q

Binocular Vision

A

Ability to maintain focus with both eyes, creating a single image.

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11
Q

Stereopsis

A

Ability to see depth by info from both eyes.

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12
Q

Convergence/Divergence

A

Ability of eyes to move to focus on something moving closer/farther from face (cross eyes, etc.). Causes double-vision or loss of depth perception if not functioning.

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13
Q

Visual-Cognitive Components of Visual Performance

A
  • Visual Attention
  • Visual Memory
  • Visual Discrimination
  • Object Perception
  • Spatial Perception
  • Visual Imagery
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14
Q

Visual Attention

A
“Focus” on an activity, visually.
• Alertness
• Selective attention
• Visual vigilance (keeping eyes on something, not darting around)
• Divided or shared attention
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15
Q

Visual Memory

A

Ability to look at something and recall it (ie: a sentence to copy); or, to recall the shape of something (ie: a letter)

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16
Q

Visual Discrimination

A
  • Recognition of things
  • Matching of things
  • Categorization of things
17
Q

Object Perception

A
  • Form Constancy
  • Visual Closure
  • Figure-Ground
18
Q

Spatial Perception

A
  • Position in space
  • Depth perception
  • Topographic orientation
19
Q

Visual Imagery

A

Having “pictures” in the mind. Visualization.

20
Q

Visual Perception Difficulties Affect Performance Areas:

A
  • Problems in ADLs
  • Reading
  • Spelling
  • Handwriting
  • Visual-motor integration (convergence to catch a ball, bilateral coordination, etc.)
  • Mathematics
21
Q

Signs of Visual Problems

A
  • Eyes shake and randomly wander
  • Child appears clumsy
  • Child frequently rubs eyes
  • Large, small, or irregular pupils
  • Child covers/closes one eye
  • Child responds better to objects on one side of body
  • Child sits excessively close to tv
  • Child complains of tired eyes
  • Child avoids/becomes tired from close work
22
Q

Intervention Ideas for Visual Perception

A
  • Address areas similar to children without difficulties
  • Grade activities to address performance with low/no vision
  • Address visual perceptual/visual motor
  • Develop tactile-proprioceptive perceptual abilities
  • Improve fine motor skills
  • Enhance postural control and movement in space (body awareness, spatial orientation)
  • Address sensory defensiveness (grade tactile activities to integrate input; calming before activities)
23
Q

Intervention Types for Visual Perception Difficulties

A
  • Developmental/Neurophysiologic
  • Compensatory (audio books; google read)
  • Developmental optometry
  • Vision therapy (experts in vision issues; better than OT)

** After 3rd grade, consider compensatory methods BEFORE remediation for reading deficits.