Pediatric Development Stages Flashcards

1
Q

Infant development – First 3 Months

A
  • Expansion of lungs
  • Increased efficiency of blood flow
  • Development of CNS
  • At 3 months, can distinguish colors/patterns; visually orients to sounds; distinguish betw pleasant/noxious odors
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2
Q

Infant Development – First 6 Months

A
  • Dramatic physical growth
  • Size of head and body appropriate by 4 mo.
  • By 4 mo., raises head to look around; brings hands to knees in supine; rolls in all directions
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3
Q

Sensory Abilities at Birth

A
  • Vision up to 8 inches away
  • Well developed hearing
  • Tastes sweet, sour, bitter
  • Tactile/Warmth stimulation most important
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4
Q

Gross Motor Development in Infant

A
  • At Birth: Physiologic flexion; Random Burst (everything moves together); Numerous primitive reflexes
  • By 2 mo., turns head side to side in prone/supine positions
  • By 4 mo., raises head to look around, brings hands to knees in supine, rolls in all directions
  • By 6 mo., able to reach while prone on extended arms; bring feet to mouth in supine; sit when propped
  • 6-9 mo., can sit up, belly crawl, protective extension responses emerging
  • 7-21 mo., equilibrium reactions developing; maintaining COG over base of support
  • 10-11 mo., able to creep
  • By 12 mo., able to cruise (on furniture)
  • By 14 mo., able to walk
  • 12-18 mo., practices walking, jumping, running
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5
Q

Fine Motor Development in Infant

A
  • First 3 mo., visual inspection, grasp reflex to hold objects
  • By 5 mo., able to use active palmar grasp
  • By 5-6 mo., able to transfer objects from hand to hand (2 step); able to reach for objects in sitting/prone
  • By 6 mo., able to transfer objects (one step); use radial palmar grasp
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6
Q

Infant Language Development

A
  • Neonate undifferentiated crying
  • By 3 mo., cooing
  • By 4 mo., babbling
  • By 6 mo., recognizes speech sounds of native language
  • By 8 mo., repeats sounds
  • By 12 mo., knows 2 to 8 words and babbles short sentences
  • By 24 mo., knows 50 to 200 words
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7
Q

Physiologic Development in Early Childhood

A
  • Development of autonomy; beginning of expression of language; sphincter control
  • Limbs grow faster than head; by 6 years, 45% of body length and ~7 times birth weight
  • Eustachian tubes shorter and positioned more horizontally (ear infections)
  • Straight shape of stomach (stomach aches)
  • Immaturity of retinas (farsightedness)
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8
Q

Motor Development in Early Childhood

A
  • Basic components (vision, touch, gross/fine motor skills) present during 2nd-3rd years.
  • Balance/strength increase
  • By 4 years, gait close to adult
  • By 4 years, able to run; mature running pattern by 5-6 years
  • By 3.5 years, able to ascend/descend stairs
  • By 2 years, able to draw; by 5 years, able to write using dynamic tripod grasp
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9
Q

Cognition in Early Childhood

A
  • Preoperational Period (2-7 years)
  • 2-4 years (preconceptual substage): beginning of symbolic thought; egocentrism; animism (giving inanimate objects life)
  • 5-7 years (preoperational thought): intuitive thinking develops
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10
Q

Language Development in Early Childhood

A
  • Characterized by use of symbolism
  • Engages in pretend play
  • Thinks more logically
  • Able to use words/gestures to respresent objects or events
  • Vocabulary expands from 200 to 1500 words
  • Labels items
  • Asks questions
  • By 5-6 years, enunciates clearly and has advanced language
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11
Q

Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

A
  • “Terrible Twos”: autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Erikson); dominant need to be autonomous; determined to make own decisions
  • 4-6 years: initiative and imagination vs. guilt (Erikson); initiates activities in which behavior produces positive results; develops sense of consequences for behavior; gender role
  • Composed of 2 of Greenspan’s stages: Creating emotional ideas and emotional thinking
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12
Q

Physiologic Development in Middle Childhood

A
  • Physical growth slows (girls tend taller)
  • Permanent teeth replace baby teeth; facial features more distinctive
  • Digestive system matures (eats less frequently but larger quantities)
  • Change in position of Eustacian tubes (increased hearing, less ear infections)
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13
Q

Motor Development in Middle Childhood

A
  • Refinement of gross motor/fine motor skills
  • Repetition to master higher self-esteem and acceptance
  • Increased strength/endurance
  • By 10 years, able to use cursive writing
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14
Q

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

A
  • Piaget’s stage of concrete operations
  • Able to think abstractly
  • Less self-centered
  • Recognizes others have different viewpoints
  • Identifies similarities/differences in objects
  • Uses simple logic to arrive at conclusions
  • Considers more than one aspect of situation
  • Realizes quantity stays same when form changes
  • Orders objects by size
  • Imagines objects as whole or in parts
  • Pre-conventional level of moral development (makes decisions based on anticipation of punishment/reward)
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15
Q

Language Development in Middle Childhood

A
  • Vocabulary expands
  • Puns/figures of speech become more common
  • Socialized communication (convos center around school activities, personal experiences, movies, family, etc.)
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16
Q

Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

A
  • Significant social relationships outside family
  • Own personal societies that include rituals, heroes, peer groups (usually same sex)
  • Feelings of security from peers over family
  • Able to empathize
17
Q

Physiologic Development in Adolescence

A
  • Growth spurt triggered by puberty (increased production/sensitivity to hormones)
  • First signs of sexual development
  • Maturation differences between sexes
  • Rates of development affect self-esteem/self-concept
18
Q

Motor Development During Adolescence

A
  • Increased muscle mass
  • Increased dynamic strength
  • Better running/jumping/throwing
  • Better motor coordination
  • Overall, girls do not perform as well as boys in regard to motor skills at this stage
19
Q

Process of Cognitive Development in Adolescence

A

1) Formal Operations: ability to think about possibilities as well as realities
2) Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning: ability to formulate hypotheses/imagine outcomes
3) Approaches Moral Issues in Social Context: follows standards of others, conforms to social conventions, supports status quo

20
Q

Language Development in Adolescence

A
  • Manipulates language using codes, slang, sarcasm

* Abstract use of language to debate/argue