Pediatric Development Stages Flashcards
1
Q
Infant development – First 3 Months
A
- Expansion of lungs
- Increased efficiency of blood flow
- Development of CNS
- At 3 months, can distinguish colors/patterns; visually orients to sounds; distinguish betw pleasant/noxious odors
2
Q
Infant Development – First 6 Months
A
- Dramatic physical growth
- Size of head and body appropriate by 4 mo.
- By 4 mo., raises head to look around; brings hands to knees in supine; rolls in all directions
3
Q
Sensory Abilities at Birth
A
- Vision up to 8 inches away
- Well developed hearing
- Tastes sweet, sour, bitter
- Tactile/Warmth stimulation most important
4
Q
Gross Motor Development in Infant
A
- At Birth: Physiologic flexion; Random Burst (everything moves together); Numerous primitive reflexes
- By 2 mo., turns head side to side in prone/supine positions
- By 4 mo., raises head to look around, brings hands to knees in supine, rolls in all directions
- By 6 mo., able to reach while prone on extended arms; bring feet to mouth in supine; sit when propped
- 6-9 mo., can sit up, belly crawl, protective extension responses emerging
- 7-21 mo., equilibrium reactions developing; maintaining COG over base of support
- 10-11 mo., able to creep
- By 12 mo., able to cruise (on furniture)
- By 14 mo., able to walk
- 12-18 mo., practices walking, jumping, running
5
Q
Fine Motor Development in Infant
A
- First 3 mo., visual inspection, grasp reflex to hold objects
- By 5 mo., able to use active palmar grasp
- By 5-6 mo., able to transfer objects from hand to hand (2 step); able to reach for objects in sitting/prone
- By 6 mo., able to transfer objects (one step); use radial palmar grasp
6
Q
Infant Language Development
A
- Neonate undifferentiated crying
- By 3 mo., cooing
- By 4 mo., babbling
- By 6 mo., recognizes speech sounds of native language
- By 8 mo., repeats sounds
- By 12 mo., knows 2 to 8 words and babbles short sentences
- By 24 mo., knows 50 to 200 words
7
Q
Physiologic Development in Early Childhood
A
- Development of autonomy; beginning of expression of language; sphincter control
- Limbs grow faster than head; by 6 years, 45% of body length and ~7 times birth weight
- Eustachian tubes shorter and positioned more horizontally (ear infections)
- Straight shape of stomach (stomach aches)
- Immaturity of retinas (farsightedness)
8
Q
Motor Development in Early Childhood
A
- Basic components (vision, touch, gross/fine motor skills) present during 2nd-3rd years.
- Balance/strength increase
- By 4 years, gait close to adult
- By 4 years, able to run; mature running pattern by 5-6 years
- By 3.5 years, able to ascend/descend stairs
- By 2 years, able to draw; by 5 years, able to write using dynamic tripod grasp
9
Q
Cognition in Early Childhood
A
- Preoperational Period (2-7 years)
- 2-4 years (preconceptual substage): beginning of symbolic thought; egocentrism; animism (giving inanimate objects life)
- 5-7 years (preoperational thought): intuitive thinking develops
10
Q
Language Development in Early Childhood
A
- Characterized by use of symbolism
- Engages in pretend play
- Thinks more logically
- Able to use words/gestures to respresent objects or events
- Vocabulary expands from 200 to 1500 words
- Labels items
- Asks questions
- By 5-6 years, enunciates clearly and has advanced language
11
Q
Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
A
- “Terrible Twos”: autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Erikson); dominant need to be autonomous; determined to make own decisions
- 4-6 years: initiative and imagination vs. guilt (Erikson); initiates activities in which behavior produces positive results; develops sense of consequences for behavior; gender role
- Composed of 2 of Greenspan’s stages: Creating emotional ideas and emotional thinking
12
Q
Physiologic Development in Middle Childhood
A
- Physical growth slows (girls tend taller)
- Permanent teeth replace baby teeth; facial features more distinctive
- Digestive system matures (eats less frequently but larger quantities)
- Change in position of Eustacian tubes (increased hearing, less ear infections)
13
Q
Motor Development in Middle Childhood
A
- Refinement of gross motor/fine motor skills
- Repetition to master higher self-esteem and acceptance
- Increased strength/endurance
- By 10 years, able to use cursive writing
14
Q
Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
A
- Piaget’s stage of concrete operations
- Able to think abstractly
- Less self-centered
- Recognizes others have different viewpoints
- Identifies similarities/differences in objects
- Uses simple logic to arrive at conclusions
- Considers more than one aspect of situation
- Realizes quantity stays same when form changes
- Orders objects by size
- Imagines objects as whole or in parts
- Pre-conventional level of moral development (makes decisions based on anticipation of punishment/reward)
15
Q
Language Development in Middle Childhood
A
- Vocabulary expands
- Puns/figures of speech become more common
- Socialized communication (convos center around school activities, personal experiences, movies, family, etc.)
16
Q
Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
A
- Significant social relationships outside family
- Own personal societies that include rituals, heroes, peer groups (usually same sex)
- Feelings of security from peers over family
- Able to empathize
17
Q
Physiologic Development in Adolescence
A
- Growth spurt triggered by puberty (increased production/sensitivity to hormones)
- First signs of sexual development
- Maturation differences between sexes
- Rates of development affect self-esteem/self-concept
18
Q
Motor Development During Adolescence
A
- Increased muscle mass
- Increased dynamic strength
- Better running/jumping/throwing
- Better motor coordination
- Overall, girls do not perform as well as boys in regard to motor skills at this stage
19
Q
Process of Cognitive Development in Adolescence
A
1) Formal Operations: ability to think about possibilities as well as realities
2) Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning: ability to formulate hypotheses/imagine outcomes
3) Approaches Moral Issues in Social Context: follows standards of others, conforms to social conventions, supports status quo
20
Q
Language Development in Adolescence
A
- Manipulates language using codes, slang, sarcasm
* Abstract use of language to debate/argue
