Pediatric Diagnoses Flashcards
1
Q
Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder (ADHD/ADD)
A
- Functioning impeded due to hyperactivity, distraction, lack of focus
- ADHD = hyperactive, physical energy; ADD = distracted, forgetful, lower energy
- No known cause; could be genetics/CNS issue
- OT works on interpersonal skills, sensory strategies, concentration; work with family and school
- Child may take medication (stimulants, antidepressants); behavioral therapy/counseling
2
Q
Angelman Syndrome
A
- Rare neuro-genetic disorder that impacts nervous system
- Developmental delays, intell. disab., speech imp., gastro issues, movement/balance, and epilepsy
- Small head, happy disposition/laughter; lives long life
- May be caused by gene mutation; cannot be prevented
- OT uses sensory processing, vestibular, fine and gross motor, safety, ADL and social skills interventions
- Patient works in speech path., PT, OT, nutrition, neurologist, ABA therapy. May use gene therapy.
3
Q
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A
- Neurodevelopmental disability with social skills, communication and/or behavioral deficits
- Diagnosed more in boys (4:1). 1 in 54 children has it.
- Diagnosed as early as 2 y.o., but usually later
- Includes autistic disorder, pervasive dev. disord. not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger’s
- Genetics may be linked to cause, or chromosomal conditions; older parents; drug exposure
- OT works on self-regulation/sensory needs, adaptive skills, motor dev., social interaction, ADLs, play skills, gross/fine motor, classroom performance
- ABA most common treatment, along with assistive tech (AT), TEACCH, nutrition
4
Q
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
A
- Group of disorders that affect ability to move, maintain balance and posture
- Most common motor disability in childhood
- Classified by movement disorder and part of brain affected: - Spastic, Dyskinetic, Ataxia, Mixed Type
- Caused by issue in brain develop., often around birth
- Risk factors: low weight, fertility treatments, complications
- Congenital=happened at birth, Acquired=after birth
- Does not get worse over time, but symptoms change
- Varied muscle tone, exaggerated reflexes (spasticity), rigidity, lack of balance/coord (ataxia), tremor, drooling, difficulty eating, delayed speech, learning disabilities
- OT works on ADLs, physical, cognitive and social abilities; fine motor; posture; independence (with AT)
5
Q
Down Syndrome
A
- Present at birth; changes in mental/physical development; distinctive features and developmental delays, potential medical issues
- Physical symptoms of flat face/almond eyes/short neck/small ears/protruding tongue/shorter
- Lower intelligence and speech delays
- Can have hearing loss, sleep apnea, ear infections, poor eyesight, heart defects
- Caused by extra chromosome 21. Higher in older parents, genetic history
- OT helps parent with feeding at birth; school-age independence, self-care, play, social skills, school performance, fine/gross motor. Helps with low muscle tone/loose joints and any visual/auditory deficits
6
Q
Dyslexia
A
- Learning disorder with difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds
- Affects areas of brain that process language
- Usually not caught until school (teachers notice)
- May have late speech, difficulty learning rhymes, read below level, difficulty with sequences and spelling/pronunciation
- Runs in families; may increase with low weight/drugs
- OT works on modifying teaching environment; IEP; enhancing child’s learning style
7
Q
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)
A
- Named after Fragile X mental retardation gene; may have link to autism
- Learning disability and speech delay
- Shows large ears, long face, hyperactivity, low tone, sensory defensiveness, attention deficit, repetitive movements/speech, intellectual/language delays
- Caused by Fragile X gene (FMR1) on X chromosome
- Genetic disorder more common in males (due to XY)
- OT works on ADLs, gross/fine motor, Process skills (sensory), social interaction
- May take medication and other therapies
8
Q
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
A
- Causes demyelination of peripheral nerves, causes temporary paresis/paralysis
- Tingling, needles, pain in toes, ankles, wrists, fingers
- Symptoms begin in arms/face
- Muscle weakness on both sides of body (spreads from LE to UE)
- Difficulty walking, breathing, swallowing, eyes/vision, blood pressure, bladder/digestion
- More frequently seen in adults
- Neurological autoimmune disease—no cause, but could begin after respiratory/gastro viral infection or after surgery
- OT works with emotional toll/family; environmental support after discharge; upper body and ADLs; sensory; ROM/MMT; mobility; respiration; endurance
- May take meds to assist rehab interventions
9
Q
Hydrocephalus
A
- Cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in brain; causes head to grow large
- Headaches, impaired vision, cognitive difficulties, loss of coord., incontinence
- Behavioral/cognitive changes, personality changes, school performance decline, delays in previously acquired skills (walking/talking)
- Caused by imbalance in CSF production
- Congenital=genetic; birth defects; complications at birth; infection while pregnant
- Acquired=Brain/spinal cord tumors; CNS infections; Injury/stroke/bleeding in brain
- OT works on ADLs (dressing; carrying objects; problem solving skills; coordination)
- May have a shunt or lumbar puncture to drain CSF, or take diuretic
10
Q
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
A
• Describes several forms of chronic arthritis in children less than 16 where one+ joints demonstrate evidence of inflammation (swollen joints, limited ROM, warmth)
• 3 main types:
Pauciarticular=50% of cases, 4 or less large joints
Polyarticular=50% of cases, 5+ joints, more serious in smaller joints, often both sides of body. More girls.
Systemic=Most serious/least common. 1+ joints plus inflammation of organs (heart, liver, lymph nodes).
• May have flare-ups or chronic/continuous symptoms
• Symptoms may include: swollen joints, fever, rash, swollen nodes, eye inflammation, warmth/redness in joint, fatigue, slow growth/weight gain
• Causes unclear, may have genetic/environmental link
• Autoimmune disorder (body attacking itself)
• Girls more likely to have it than boys
• OT works with physical agent modalities (heat/cold), controlling edema/inflamm., exercises promoting gross/fine motor, ROM, endurance, strength to improve ADLs. Orthotics and energy conservation techniques may help control pain/function.
• JRA treated with meds, PT, OT and exercise
11
Q
Limb Deficiencies
A
- When child is missing part/all of arm, leg, hand or foot
- Present at birth or sustained later due to disease/accident
- Cause is unknown but prenatal exposures may be factor
- OT may work with orthotic/prosthetics
12
Q
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
A
- Genetic condition that causes muscle weakness/loss of muscle mass
- Mutation in X chromosome
- Multiple types of MD; most common=Duchenne
- Causes pain/stiffness, falls, difficulty walking/standing, learning disabilities and developmental delays
- OT works on preserving energy, assistive devices, muscle strengthening, ADLs
- Medical treatments may slow progression/help symptoms but there is no cure
13
Q
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A
- Excessive urges to do things (compulsions) and intrusive, repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
- Typically first appears in childhood/young adulthood
- Symptoms interfere with functioning
- Cause unknown, may be genetic (25% likely if in family); may be problem processing serotonin in brain
- PANDAS=childhood OCD after reaction to strep infection. Extreme and sudden symptoms.
- OT may help meds management, and help suppress symptoms with trigger mgmt, or specific tx based on type of OCD (hoarding, trichotillomania, etc.)
- Treatment may include antidepressants and/or Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)-cog. behavioral method to control triggers
14
Q
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
A
- “Brittle Bone Disease” - genetic disorder affecting bones; affects 2 genes for collagen production
- No cure; treatment helps symptoms
- 19 types; can include easily broken bones, deformities, barrel chest, discolored eyes, triangular face, muscle weakness, easy bruising, hearing loss (adult), soft discolored teeth
- Type I (mild) to Type V (Medium-Severe)
- OTs work on fine/gross motor dev., avoiding injuries, brittle teeth/feeding, social/play skills, independence and self-care
- May take meds for bone strengthening/fracture prevention
- PT, OT, orthopedic braces/assistive devices, metal rod insertion
15
Q
Pediatric AIDS
A
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in children
- Caused by HIV; severe damage to immune system (children born with weaker immune system, so more severe illness)
- Varies by person/age. May look like flu at first.
- Causes physical/dev. delays, poor weight gain/growth, enlarged lymph nodes, lack of energy, frequent fevers, yeast inf., rashes, short-term memory loss
- 90% of cases through vertical transmission from mother (pregnancy, breastfeeding)
- OT works on psychosocial dev., play, sensorimotor, cognition, self-care (feeding), and enhancing child-caregiver interaction (awareness)
- Treatments slow progression (meds, Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) to reduce HIV concentration in blood)
