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Neuro > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

Perception takes place in

A

Retina

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2
Q

Retina

A

Inner most layer of the eye, covered by CT, in contact with vitreous humor

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3
Q

How many layers of cells has the reina

A

3

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4
Q

Cells within the layers of the reina

A

Photoreceptors
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells

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5
Q

Retinal layers

A

Pigment epithelium
Outer and inner segment layer (cons and rods)
Outer nuclear layer (nucleus of photoreceptors)
Outer plexiform layer (synapsis PR w/ next cell layer)
Inner nuclear layer (bipolar cells)
Inner plexiform layer (synapse bipolar with ganglion cells)
Ganglion cell layer
Nerve fiber layer (axons of the ganglion cell layer)

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6
Q

Part where we don’t find photoreceptors

A

Optic nerve

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7
Q

Vision is

A

A cognitive process performed by comparison

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8
Q

Cons perceive

A

Color - allows to see shapes

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9
Q

Rods perceive

A

Shades of light (intensity) - allows to see movements

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10
Q

Fovea

A

Middle part of the macula

Area of the retina that defines what we see

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11
Q

Retinal pigmented epithelium

A

Tightly bound pigmented cuboidal cells. Unstable

Suplies the retina with glucose and ions. Phagocitosis

Melanin processes elongate to protect from light

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12
Q

Outer segment of the photoreceptors

A

Stacking membranous discs

Molecules of Rhodopsin (finite reactions to light). Coneopsins

10% phagocitized every morning (by retinal pigment epithelium)

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13
Q

Retinal changes in photoreception

A

Retina changes its conformation when it interacts with photons

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14
Q

Photoreceptors components

A

Cilium (microtubules)
Inner segment: mitochondrias
Nucleus
Synapse (feet): rods (spherule), cones (pedicles) and synaptic ribbons

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15
Q

Macula

A

Central area of the posterior retina that starts lacking retinal layers (there’s only photoreceptors)

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16
Q

Photostimulation

A

Photon-ops in reaction hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor

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17
Q

In resting conditions, photoreceptors are

A

Depolarized
Constantly releasing glutamate

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18
Q

Hyperpolarization causes

A

Reduction of glutamate liberation

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19
Q

Depolarization vs hyperpolarization

A

Electrons moving towards the neutral point

Electrons moving away from neutral point

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20
Q

Gradient potential

A

Hyperpolarizes photoreceptors

21
Q

Bipolar cells

A

(After hyperpolarization)

On: activated when glutamate is no longer in the synapse (light)

Off: deactivated in light conditions, activate in relax conditions when glutamate get to postsynaptic terminal

22
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Inhibits photoreceptors in a center-surround manner

23
Q

Receptive fields

A

Created by horizontal cells, which inhibit the peripheral part and activate the center

24
Q

Colors perceived by retina

A

Blue (S wavelength), green (M wavelength), red (L wavelength)

25
Q

Colour theory by which the retina works

A

Substractive synthesis

26
Q

Which receptive fields are compared in between?

A

Green and red

27
Q

Types of cells

A
28
Q

Parallel transmission and processing

A
29
Q

Types of ganglion cells

A

M/Y/alfa —> ON center, OFF center
P/X/beta —> ON center
W/K —> melanopsin

30
Q

W/K cells relevance

A
31
Q

Visual pathway

A

Each of the eye has a temporal field (to the nasal retina) and nasal field (to the temporal retina)

The cortex controls same hemifields from both eyes (right hemifield form right and left eye, left hemifield from right and left eye) —> some of the fiber has to cross to the other side in the optic quiasm

Optic tract: fibers from the same field

Sinapsis: late geniculate body

Projection: optic radiation

32
Q

Projections to the visual cortex

A

Visual hemifields are divided in superior and inferior quadrants. They are caught by the opposite retinal quadrant and reach different banks of the calcarine sulcus

33
Q

Optic radiation

A
34
Q

Visual cortex

A

Has the largest layer 4

35
Q

Visual areas are classificated in

A

Cytoarquitectonic
Functional

36
Q

Discrepancy of the eye

A

3D, depth perception

37
Q

Depth perception

A

Only with 2 eyes

38
Q

V1

A

Blobs

39
Q

V2

A

Thick stripes magno
Thin stripes parvo

40
Q

Cytochrome function

A

Oxidase blobs and stripes

41
Q

Complex cells respond to

A

A line moving

42
Q
A

Color
Dominance bands
Direction of lines

43
Q

Parvo celular pathway

A

What I am seeing

44
Q

Magno celular pathway

A

Where are the things I am seeing

45
Q

Thick stripes

A

Motion

46
Q

Thin stripes

A

Colours

47
Q

Interstripes

A

Depth

48
Q

V1/V2

A

Neuro (23 decks)

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