Introduction Neuroscience

Question 1

2 nervous system + components

Answer 1

-Peripheral nervous system: roots, plexus, nerves
- Central nervous systems: brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Components of nerves and components of ganglia

Answer 2

Nerve = axons + CT
Ganglia = soma

Question 3

Difference in soma of peripheral and central nervous system

Answer 3

Peripheral: soma produces proteins
Central: soma integrates information

Question 4

Spinal cord portions

Answer 4

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral + coccygeus

Question 5

Origin of the portions of the spinal cord

Answer 5

Cervical: origin at the corresponding level
Lumbar, sacral: origin much higher than the place they exit

Question 6

Ending of the spinal cord

Answer 6

Conus medullaris, L1-L2

Question 7

Bunch of roots going towards foramina beyond L2 is called …

Answer 7

Cauda equina

Question 8

Cauda equina

Answer 8

Bunch of roots going towards foramina beyond L2

Question 9

Parts o the brain

Answer 9

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem

Question 10

Parts of the cerebrum

Answer 10

Cortex (cerebral hemispheres) —> frontal, parietal,temporal and occipital lobes divided by sulcus
Diencephalon (thalamus)

Question 11

Parts of the brainstem

Answer 11

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata (bulbo in Spanish)

Question 12

Sections of the brainstem (from ant to post)

Answer 12

Base
Tegmentum
Tectum (roof of the 4th ventricle)

Question 13

Peculiarity axons of the CNS

Answer 13

Don’t have CT —> we can’t regenerate them

Question 14

Grey and white matter in the brain

Answer 14

Grey: peripherally, includes neuronal bodies, glia and some vessels

White: in the centre, includes myelinated axons + glia

Ventricles: 4, secreting CSF

Question 15

Grey and white matter in the spinal cord

Answer 15

Grey: in the centre, contains neuron bodies (horns)

White: peripherally, contain the tracts

Question 16

Grey and white matter in brainstem

Answer 16

Everything is mixed, we can not differentiate

Question 17

CNS axes

Answer 17

Remember the 7’s shape

Up to brainstem: ventral = ant, dorsal = post, rostral = sup, caudal = inf

Above brainstem: ventral = inf, dorsal= sup, rostral = ant, caudal = post

Question 18

MRI planes

Answer 18

Coronal, sagittal, parasagittal are the same
Horizontal is not used —> angle is slightly changed so its an axial plane (angle-wise)

Question 19

Laterality of the cortex

Answer 19

(Cortex = CEO)
Right cortex controls left hemibody
Left cortex controls the right hemibody

Question 20

Laterality of the thalamus

Answer 20

(Thalamus = “secretary”)
Right thalamus projects to right cortex
Left thalamus projects to left cortex

Question 21

Relation cortex-thalamus (regarding laterality)

Answer 21

Ipsilateral

Question 22

Laterality cerebellum

Answer 22

Right cerebellum - right hemibody - left hemisphere
Left cerebellum - left hemibody - right hemisphere

Question 23

Relation cerebellum-body and cerebellum-hemispheres (regarding laterality)

Answer 23

Ipsilateral to the body
Contralateral to the hemispheres

Question 24

Spinal cord is the place where…

Answer 24

The nerves originate to go to muscles / the nerves from skin, etc. arrive (then gives afferents to the brain)

Question 25

Relation spinal cord-hemispheres and spinal cord-cerebellum (regarding laterality)

Answer 25

Contralateral to hemispheres
Ipsilateral to cerebellum

Question 26

Main motor pathway (descending)

Answer 26

Corticospinal tract

Question 27

2 main sensory pathways (ascending)

Answer 27

Anterolateral system
Posterior column - medial lemniscus (dorsal column)