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Comparative Approaches > Visual Processing > Flashcards

Visual Processing Flashcards

1
Q

DOES BEHAVIOUR REQUIRE A BRAIN?

A
  • not per se; ie:
    1. echinoderms (sea starfish; brittle stars; sea cucumbers; etc.)
    2. cnidarians (sea anemones; corals; jelly fish)
    3. chorates (lancelot)
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2
Q

BRAIN FUNCTIONS

A
  • organ
  • has neurons/glia/blood vessels
  • blood-brain barrier
  • systems regulating beh performance
  • generates beh
  • controls physiological/mental/physical body processes
  • generates beh
  • controls motor sequences
  • influences homeostasis/stress responses
  • regulates sleep/internal states
  • stores memories
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3
Q

TRIUNE BRAIN MODEL

A
  • beh/forebrain evolution
  • compartmentalised brain functions said to function independently
  • NOT supported by neuroscience/evolution/psych evidence
  • aka. 3 brains, not 1
    NEOCORTEX
  • human “rational” brain
    LIMBIC SYSTEM
  • mammalian “emotional brain”
  • amygdala/hippocampus/cingulate gyrus
    REPTILIAN BRAIN
  • instinctual “survival” brain
  • basal ganglia/brainstem
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4
Q

BRAIN = NETWORK

A
  • brain = highly structured/interconnected network of neurons/supporting tissues
  • collection functioning as single unit
  • communication balances speed/cost
  • specialised cell/hub clusters
  • dynamic/serial/parallel activity
  • remembers/generates new connections
  • makes predictions about internal/external environment
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5
Q

SENSORY PROCESSING

A
  • sensory info processing varies w/body type/brain design/action spectrum
  • eyes = diversity/similarities
  • spatial resolution/sensitivity of eyes
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6
Q

DUSENBERY (1992)

A

SCALLOP
- eyes: 60/200; receptors: 10k
ANT LION
- eyes: 12; receptors: 50
FLY
- eyes: 2+; receptors: 80k
SPIDER
- eyes: 8; receptors: 10-10k
HUMAN
- eyes: 2; receptors: 130m
DAPHNIA
- eyes: 1; receptors: 176
NEMATODES
- eyes: 2; receptors: 1

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7
Q

WITH SPATIAL RESOLUTION

A

ARTHROPODA (insects; crabs; etc.)
- insecta
- crustacea
- chelicerata
MOLLUSCA (snails; mussles; squid; etc.)
- cephalopoda
CHORDATA (vertebrates; etc.)
- vertebrata

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8
Q

WITHOUT SPATIAL RESOLUTION

A

ECDYSOZOA
- onychophora
- nematoda
MOLLUSCA (snails; mussles; squid; etc.)
- gastropoda
- bivalvia
LOPHOTROCHOZOA
- platyzoa
ANNELIDA
- polychaeta
DEUTEROSTOMIA
- echinodermata
ANCESTRAL METAZOAN
- cnidaria (corals; anemones; etc.)

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9
Q

HIGH-RESOLUTION VISION

A
  • high-resolution vision evolved to process more spatial info for increasing task complexity (aka. task difficulty = reception)
  • screening pigment = non-directional photoreception
  • membrane stacking = directional photoreception
  • focusing optics = low resolution vision
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10
Q

HOW DO WE SEE SMALL DETAILS IN AN IMAGE?

A
  1. reduce distance to object/feature aka. move closer/bring image closer; less scene seen BUT more details appear
  2. accomodation of lens (humans/mammals)
  3. move lens/retina inside eye (fish/jumping spiders)
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11
Q

2 EYE DESIGNS W/SPATIAL RESOLUTION

A

COMPOUND
- invertebrates
- individual lenses
- convex retina
- grouped receptors (rhabdom)
SINGLE-LENS EYE
- invertebrates/vertebrates
- single lens
- concave retina
- individual receptors

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12
Q

HEMPEL DE IBARRA ET AL. (2015)

A
  • flowers seen via honeybees’ eyes
  • to resolve more details in flower patterns, bees must come close to flower
    RECEPTORS
    1. S: sensitivity peak in UV spectrum
    2. M: blue peak
    3. L: green peak
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13
Q

KIRSCHFELD (1976)

A
  • neural principles in vision
  • compound eyes found only in small-sized animals in invertebrate line
  • single lens eye = resolution scales linearly w/size
  • compound eye = eye radius proportional to square of required resolution
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14
Q

LYTHGOE (1979)

A
  • ecology of vision
  • larger eyes = higher spatial resolution; ie:
    1. human
    2. peregrine falcon
    8. myotis (bat)
    13. honeybee
    17. metaphidippus (jumping spider)
    18. drosophilia
  • aka. lower body height = higher anatomical/physiological resoltion; negative correlation
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15
Q

LAMB (2013)

A
  • phototransduction/vertebrate photoreceptors/retina evolution
  • protostomes = molluscs/annelida/arthropods
  • 420 MYA = jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) evolved aka. ancestors to modern vertebrates
  • hag fish (slime eels) & lamprey = jawless vertebrates; living species in evolutionary distinct lines; shared common ancestor w/gnathostomes
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16
Q

LAMPREY (GEOTRIA AUSTRALIS)

A
  • 38 species (some fish parasites)
  • aka. nine-eyed eel; lateral eyes
  • lamprey eyes = similar to other vertebrates; supports hypothesis derived from fossils aka. that vertebrate lens eye evolved early in vertebrates evolution
  • ammocoete’s rudimentary eyes = embedded beneath skin; cannot be seen
17
Q

PESSIMISTIC ESTIMATE OF TIME FOR EYE TO EVOLVE

A
  • theoretical considerations of eye design allow finding routes along which optical structures of eye may have evolved
  • if selection constantly favours ^ in detectable spatial info amount, light-sensitive path will gradually turn into focused eye lens via continuous small design improvements
  • upper limit for number of generations required for complete transformation = calculated w/minimum of assumptions; even w/consistently pessimistic approach, required time = amazingly short aka. only a few hundred years to evolve eye w/high spatial resolution
18
Q

MAIN DETERMINANTS OF VISUAL PERFORMANCE IN IMAGE-FORMING EYES

A

SPATIAL RESOLUTION
LIGHT SENSITIVITY
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

19
Q

DETERMINANT: SPATIAL RESOLUTION

A
  • viewing distances
  • size/density of relevant features/objects in visual scene
  • density/number of photoreceptors
  • eye size/retina curvature
20
Q

DETERMINANT: LIGHT SENSITIVITY

A
  • intensity range in which receptors operate (dim/bright light)
  • eye size
  • size of lens(es)
  • decreases w/higher spatial resolution
21
Q

DETERMINANT: TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

A
  • speed of movements
  • fast/slow photoreceptors
22
Q

CONTRASTS = IMPORTANT

A
  • important for generating info
  • coding info = costly
  • most useful info = in patterns of contrasts
  • function of vision = extraction of info NOT to form copy of external world
23
Q

RODIECK (1965); ENROTH-CUGELL & ROBSON (1966): MEXICAN HAT MODEL

A
  • responses of cells w/centre-surround receptive fields (aka. classical RFs) in vertebrate retina can be described by Difference of Gaussians model (aka. summation of excitatory/inhibitory inputs)
  • Mexican Hat Model = responses of centre/surround/sum for ON-centre/OFF-surround receptive field when spot is moved across receptive field
24
Q

ZANKER (2009)

A
  • sensation, perception & action
  • filtering to separate dif features
  • gravel pit = sieved filter out gravel of dif sizes
  • eye retina = filtering by spatial frequency/colour (ie. centre-surround receptive fields)
25
Q

DECOMPOSITION OF IMAGES IN DIF SPATIAL FREQUENCY CHANNELS

A
  • high-frequency square wave (10 cycles)
  • low-frequency square wave (5 cycles)
  • high frequencies filtered out = blurry image; low frequencies filtered out = negative image
26
Q

SUMMARY

A
  • animal eyes = diverse BUT share similar basic functions for info processing
  • eye size/mobility define how much/which info is extracted
  • photoreceptors = first filter in visual pathway
  • futther filtering in post-receptor stages takes place in each serial layer of visual system already in brain periphery
  • in both vertebrates & insect eyes, edge extraction starts at first synapse of vertical/serial connections

Comparative Approaches (10 decks)

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