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Psych UNIT 3 > Visual perception (Part 2) > Flashcards

Visual perception (Part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Gestalts principles

A

Visual principles that interpret stimuli according to principle that the whole is greater then its sum parts

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2
Q

List the 4 different Gestalt principles

A
  1. Figure-ground organisation
  2. Closure
  3. Similarity
  4. Proximity
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3
Q

Describe figure-ground organisation (GP)

A

Organising a scene by differentiating the FIGURE away from the GROUND (eg. contour lines)

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4
Q

Describe closure (GP)

A

Mentally filling any gaps in stimulus to perceive as whole

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5
Q

Describe similarity (GP)

A

Mentally grouping objects with similar qualities (shape, orientation, texture)

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6
Q

Describe proximity (GP)

A

Mentally grouping objects based on position

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7
Q

Define depth perception

A
  • Images captures by our retinas
  • Ability to interpret the 3d world
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8
Q

What are binocular depth cues?

A
  • Depth cues relying from both eyes
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9
Q

What is retinal disparity? (BDC)

A

The cortex uses the degree of differences between the retinal image of left and right eye

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10
Q

What is convergence? (BDC)

A

The cortex uses the tension placed on the orbital muscle to indicate distance form object

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11
Q

Define monocular depth cues?

A

Depth perception form one eye

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12
Q

What is accommodation? (MDC)

A

Eye changes shape to perceive distance

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13
Q

State the 5 pictorial depth cues and briefly describe

A
  1. Linear - convergence of parallel lines
  2. Relative size - objects cast longer retinal images when they’re closer
  3. Interpretation - If an object is obscured the object is closer
  4. Texture gradient - finer details indicated distance
  5. Height in visual field - objects closer to horizon are further
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14
Q

Describe visual consistencies

A

Principles that help maintain perception

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15
Q

What are the 3 visual consistencies?

A
  1. Size - objects are stable despite changes on retinal image
  2. Shape - objects are stable despite shape on the retinal image (linear perspective)
  3. Brightness - objects are stable despite brightness
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16
Q

What is the perceptual set?

A

seeing situations how we expect to see them

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17
Q

What influences perceptual set?

A
  1. Past experiences
  2. Context
  3. Motivation
  4. Emotion
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18
Q

Define social influence of visual perception

A

Interpersonal and environmental factors that effect perception

19
Q

Define ethnocentrism and its issues

A
  • Perceiving your culture/ society as superior
  • Can create biased, ethical issues
20
Q

What was Hudson, W (1960) aim?

A

Investigating pictorial depth perception for 3D and 2D images for African vs Caucasian cultures

21
Q

What was the sampling of Hudson’s 1960s experiment?

A

6 groups that were schooled (3 x Caucasian, 3x African)
5 groups without schooling ( 1x Caucasian, 4x African)

22
Q

What was Hudson’s 1960 method, results and conclusion?

A

Method: asked about their perception of a series of 2d and 3d objects
Results: Without schooling were able to perceive 2d, not 3d. there was a higher 3d perception rate in Caucasian sample vs Africans
Conclusion: there ARE cultural differences in perception

23
Q

What were the strengths and weaknesses of Hudson 1960?

A

Strengths: controlled sample, first research indicating social norms affect perception
weaknesses: generalization for population, ethnocentrism

24
Q

What was Deregowski’s 1972 experiment aim?

A

Research into if pictorial perception relies on learning. Tested western and African countries. 5 studies were conducted

25
Q

Describe Deregowski’s Study 1 (method, results)

A

method: used Hudson’s pictorial depth and people were questioned eg. “which animal is nearer to the elephant?”
results: African community had difficulty perceiving pictorial depth

26
Q

How did Deregowski classify his two groups?

A

2D and 3D perceivers

27
Q

Describe Deregowski’s Study 2 (method, results)

A

method: shown drawing of 2 squares and asked what they saw
results: Almost all 3D perceivers built 3D objects, 2D perceivers built 2D

28
Q

Describe Deregowski’s Study 3 (method, results)

A

method: Asked to copy a 2-pronged-trident
results: 3D perceivers looked at controlled trident longer, whereas 2D perceivers didn’t differ

29
Q

Describe Deregowski’s Study 4 (method, results)

A

method: Participants adjusted light so it appeared the same depth as an object in a picture
results: 2D perceivers set light at the same depth (despite what researchers asked) 3D perceivers used depth cues to determine depth

30
Q

Describe Deregowski’s Study 5 (method, results)

A

method: used ‘split-type’ drawing to represent animals
results: 2D perceivers preferred these drawings

31
Q

What were Deregowski’s 1972 conclusion, strengths and limitations?

A
  • Non-westerns lacked pictorial depth
  • Strength: Praised for investigating cultural diversity
  • Limitations: Ethnocentrism, didn’t include texture gradient
32
Q

What was Deregowski, Muldrow and Muldrow 1972’s aim?

A

Presenting drawn familiar objects to remote Ethiopian populations to explore past expenses and perception

33
Q

What was Deregowski, Muldrow and Muldows sample?

A

41 Ethiopian participants, 33 lowland, 8 highland
Equal male and female

34
Q

What was the method of Deregowski, Muldrow and Muldows 1972?

A

presented 3 pictures in black ink on cloths
1st pic. standing buck
2nd pic. running leopard
3rd pic. hunting scene (similar to Hudons)
Then they were asked open ended questions

35
Q

What were Deregowski, Muldrow and Muldows 1972 results and conclusion?

A
  • No major difference between groups
  • Perception is based on past experiences and familiarity with objects
36
Q

What were Deregowski, Muldrow and Muldows 1972 strengths and weaknesses?

A

Strengths: investigated remote population, validity was increased due to experimenter’s familiarity with the area and people
Weaknesses: Violated ethical principles (Ethiopians were distressed), B + W may have changed answers, different answers arose when cloth was moved

37
Q

Define visual illusion

A

Consistent misinterpretations of external visual stimuli’s

38
Q

What was the Muller-lyer illusion?

A

Two verical lines with arrow head and feather head

39
Q

What is the carpenter world hypothesis?

A

The lines at the end of stimuli imply depth due to our experiences with right angles through pictorial depth cues of linear perspective and relative size

40
Q

Explain the Ames room illusion

A

We maintain shape consistency of the room as rectangular at the expense of size consistency of the people in the room

41
Q

Explain the Ponzo illusion

A

2 diagonal converging lines and is observed further away (height and visual field cue)

42
Q

What are ambiguous figures?

A

Multiple stable perceptions that manipulate Gestalts principles

43
Q

What are impossible figures?

A

Stimulus that can not occur in reality by manipulating pictorial depth cues

Psych UNIT 3 (8 decks)

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