Memory (Part 1) Flashcards
What are the 3 processes of memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
What does encoding do?
Convert information to info that can be used in our brains
What does storage do?
is the retention of the information
What does retrieval do?
Locates and recovers previously stored info via retrieval cues
What is the multi-store model of memory?
Relies on structural and control features from sensory to STM to LTM
What are the two kinds of sensory memory? Explain them
- Iconic - holds info detected by our eyes
- Echoic - auditory info
What is the capacity and duration for iconic and echoic memory?
Iconic: capacity = unlimited, duration = 0-3 secs
Echoic: capacity = unlimited, duration = 3-4 secs
What is the capacity and duration of short-term memory?
Capacity = 5-9 seconds
Duration = 12-30 secs
What are the two types of long-term memory? What is its capacity and duration
- Declarative and Procedural
- Potentially unlimited
Who invented the ‘Working model of memory’?
Alan BADDELEY and Graham HITCH
What interacting components are used in the ‘Working model of memory’?
- Central Executive
- Phonological loop
- visuospatial Sketchpad
- Episodic buffer
What’s the role of the Central executives?
- The ‘boss’
- Controls flow of info to and from LTM
- Allocates data
What’s the role of the Phonological loop?
- Brief storage of auditory memory
- Articulatory loop = rehearsal of info from phonological storage
What’s the role of the Visuospatial sketchpad?
Brief storage of visual and spatial info in STM
What’s the role of the Episodic buffer?
- Retrieves info from LTM
- integrates info from phonological loop and sketchpad
What are the strengths and limitations of Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Model of Memory
Strengths = Real life application and supports duel-task studies (multitasking)
limitations = Little direct evidence, not a comprehensive model
What was CRAIK AND LOCKHARTS 1972 ‘models to explain memory’ theory?
- Memory is unitary
- The difference between LTM and STM is how deep we incode info
What are CRAIK AND LOCKHARTS (1972) 3 main types of processing? Explain them
- Structural (SHALLOW): physical features
- Phonemic (MODERATE): sound characteristics
- Semantic (DEEP): meaningful relationship
What is declarative memory?
Two types
Semantic = general knowledge and facts
Episodic = personal experiences
- explicit memory (conscious retrieval)
- Facilitated through hippocampus
What is procedural memory?
- Memory of how to complete actions and asks (riding a bike)
- implicit (automatically retrieved)
