Memory (Part 1)

Question 1

What are the 3 processes of memory?

Answer 1

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 2

What does encoding do?

Answer 2

Convert information to info that can be used in our brains

Question 3

What does storage do?

Answer 3

is the retention of the information

Question 4

What does retrieval do?

Answer 4

Locates and recovers previously stored info via retrieval cues

Question 5

What is the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 5

Relies on structural and control features from sensory to STM to LTM

Question 6

What are the two kinds of sensory memory? Explain them

Answer 6

1. Iconic - holds info detected by our eyes
2. Echoic - auditory info

Question 7

What is the capacity and duration for iconic and echoic memory?

Answer 7

Iconic: capacity = unlimited, duration = 0-3 secs
Echoic: capacity = unlimited, duration = 3-4 secs

Question 8

What is the capacity and duration of short-term memory?

Answer 8

Capacity = 5-9 seconds
Duration = 12-30 secs

Question 9

What are the two types of long-term memory? What is its capacity and duration

Answer 9

• Declarative and Procedural
• Potentially unlimited

Question 10

Who invented the ‘Working model of memory’?

Answer 10

Alan BADDELEY and Graham HITCH

Question 11

What interacting components are used in the ‘Working model of memory’?

Answer 11

1. Central Executive
2. Phonological loop
3. visuospatial Sketchpad
4. Episodic buffer

Question 12

What’s the role of the Central executives?

Answer 12

• The ‘boss’
• Controls flow of info to and from LTM
• Allocates data

Question 13

What’s the role of the Phonological loop?

Answer 13

• Brief storage of auditory memory
• Articulatory loop = rehearsal of info from phonological storage

Question 14

What’s the role of the Visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 14

Brief storage of visual and spatial info in STM

Question 15

What’s the role of the Episodic buffer?

Answer 15

• Retrieves info from LTM
• integrates info from phonological loop and sketchpad

Question 16

What are the strengths and limitations of Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Model of Memory

Answer 16

Strengths = Real life application and supports duel-task studies (multitasking)
limitations = Little direct evidence, not a comprehensive model

Question 17

What was CRAIK AND LOCKHARTS 1972 ‘models to explain memory’ theory?

Answer 17

• Memory is unitary
• The difference between LTM and STM is how deep we incode info

Question 18

What are CRAIK AND LOCKHARTS (1972) 3 main types of processing? Explain them

Answer 18

1. Structural (SHALLOW): physical features
2. Phonemic (MODERATE): sound characteristics
3. Semantic (DEEP): meaningful relationship

Question 19

What is declarative memory?

Answer 19

Two types
Semantic = general knowledge and facts
Episodic = personal experiences
- explicit memory (conscious retrieval)
- Facilitated through hippocampus

Question 20

What is procedural memory?

Answer 20

• Memory of how to complete actions and asks (riding a bike)
• implicit (automatically retrieved)