Localisation of function in the brain (Part 2)

Question 1

Describe the spinal cord

Answer 1

column of nerve pathways

Question 2

State the 3 types of neurons

Answer 2

1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Inter

Question 3

Describe “Afferent” and “Efferent” and the corresponding neuron

Answer 3

Afferent = towards the CNS (Sensory neuron)
Efferent = away from brain (Motor neuron)

Question 4

What is the spinal reflex?

Answer 4

Automatic/ involuntary response where the motor neuron reacts without reaching the brain (eg. if you touch something hot)

Question 5

Describe the shape of a motor neuron?

Answer 5

Soma and dendrites are at one end of the body, myelin sheath and axon connect it to axon terminal and termina buttons

Question 6

Describe the shape of a sensory neuron?

Answer 6

Soma is in the middle of the axon, dendrite at one end, terminals at the other

Question 7

Describe the shape of a sensory neuron?

Answer 7

Short axons and dendrites, no myelination

Question 8

What does dendrites do?

Answer 8

Receives messages

Question 9

What does the Soma do?

Answer 9

Contains genetic material in the nucleus of the neuron

Question 10

What does the Axon do?

Answer 10

Pathway for the neural messages

Question 11

What does the Myelin Sheath do?

Answer 11

Fatty acid tissue that surrounds the axon to increase impulse speed

Question 12

What does the Axon Terminal do?

Answer 12

Exit pathway for transmission messages

Question 13

What does Terminal Buttons do?

Answer 13

releases chemical neurotransmitters (electro to chemical)

Question 14

TRUE OR FALSE: presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons describes the transition between neuron impulses

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

What is “action potential”?

Answer 15

Neural impulse

Question 16

Describe the order of impulse transmission

Answer 16

Dendrite, axon, terminals, buttons

Question 17

(1)Describe the properties of Norepinephrine, (2) Describe the type of neurotransmitter it is

Answer 17

1. Psychological arousal, increases concentration
2. Excitatory

Question 18

What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Answer 18

Excitatory increases the likelihood of firing an action potential
Inhibitory decreases likelihood

Question 19

(1)Describe the properties of Epinephrine (adrenalin), (2) Describe the type of neurotransmitter it is

Answer 19

1. Flight, Fight, Freeze response, fear, arousal
2. Excitatory

Question 20

(1)Describe the properties of Serotonin, (2) Describe the type of neurotransmitter it is

Answer 20

1. Controls sleep, food cravings, pain, regulates mood
2. Inhibitory

Question 21

(1)Describe the properties of Dopamine, (2) Describe the type of neurotransmitter it is

Answer 21

1. Facilitates “smooth, fluid movement”, reward system, motivation, pleasure
2. Excitatory

Question 22

(1)Describe the properties of Acetylcholine , (2) Describe the type of neurotransmitter it is

Answer 22

1. Muscular contractions, heart rate, learning, neuroplasticity
2. Excitatory

Question 23

(1)Describe the properties of Gaba, (2) Describe the type of neurotransmitter it is

Answer 23

1. Calming
2. Inhibitory

Question 24

(1)Describe the properties of Glutamate, (2) Describe the type of neurotransmitter it is

Answer 24

1. Memory

Question 25

Name 3 neurodivergent diseases

Answer 25

1. Motor neuron disease (MND)
2. Alzheimer’s disease
3. Parkinson’s disease

Question 26

What are the physical effects and causes of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 26

Tremors, involuntary movement
Occurs from degeneration of dopamine release in basial ganglia (PMC)

Question 27

What are the physical effects and causes of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 27

Personality change, memory loss, irritability
Occurs from low levels of acetylcholine (associated with learning and memory)