Visual Perception and Visual Motor Skills Flashcards
Perceptual learning
experience-dependent enhancement of our ability to make sense of what we see, hear, feel, taste, or smell
Visual recognition memory
Ability to discriminate whether a visual stimulus is novel or familiar
Established by 5-7 months
Visual habituation
Once a stimulus is fully encoded, the infant habituates to it and demonstrates decreased attention to the stimulus
Importance of vision is social development
Important for perceiving facial expressions and emotions
Mutual gaze can facilitate attachment
Child engages in social imitation of facial expression
Importance of vision for school
Reading
Copying from board
Writing
Playing
Sports
3 Component model of vision
Visual information processing
Visual integrity
Visual efficiency
What does visual information processing include?
Visual spatial skills (laterality, directionality, spatial relationships)
Visual analysis skills (figure ground, form constancy, visual orientation, visual discrimination, visual closure, visual memory, visualization)
Visual motor skills
Laterality
Understanding left and right
Relates this to own body until 6-7 years
Directionality
Understanding objects’ position in space in relation to self
Other things also have right and left sides
Spatial relationships
Ability to perceive two or more object’s position in space
Improves until approximately 10 years
Figure ground perception
Ability to differentiate an object from the background
Improves between 3-5 years (preschool)
Form constancy
Allows you to understand that a form, shape, or object stays the same even if it changes size, positoin, or is in a different environmnet
Dramatic improvement between 6 and 7 years
Visual orientation
Awareness of the location of objects in the environment and their relationship to one another
Visual discrimination
Ability to detect differences in and ability to classify objects, symbols, or shapes
Visual closure
Allows you to know what an object is even when only partially visible
Visual memory
Memory that preserves some characteristic of what we have seen
Integration of visual information with previous experience
Important for pre-reading and writing skills
Visualization
Ability to picture an item in your mind
Foundational for reading comprehension and spelling
Visual motor skills
Utilizing visual processing skills with fine motor development
What does visual integrity include?
Visual acuity
Refractive disorders (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
Eye health disorders
Astigmatism
Blurred near and far vision
Hyperopia
Farsightedness
Eye health disorders
Optic atrophy
Nystagmus
Retinopathy of prematurity
Cortical visual impairment
Congenital cataracts
Visual efficiency
Allows vision to be clear, efficient, and comfortable
Accommodation (focusing, convergence, divergence)
Binocular vision (eye teaming)
Ocular motility (saccades, pursuits, fixation)
Leading cause of visual impairments in young children
Cortical visual impairments (CNVI), retinopathy of prematurity, and optic nerve hypoplasia
Optician
Corrects vision
Fills prescription
Optometrist
Examines, diagnoses, and treats eyes
Prescribes lenses
Ophthalmologist
Branch of medicine
Medical and surgical treatment for eye disorders
Ophthalmologist
Branch of medicine
Medical and surgical treatment for eye disorders
Visual co-morbidities with cerebral palsy
Refractive errors
Strabismus
Eye movements
Accommodative problems
Cortical vision impairment
Visual co-morbidities with down syndrome and autism
Refractive error
Accommodative problems
Strabismus
Additional convergence issues in autism
Hierarchical Model of Visual Processing
Oculomotor control, visual fields, visual acuity, alignment, contrast sensitivity, convergence, accomodation
Attention
Scanning
Pattern recognition
Visual memory
Visual cognition
Adaptation
OT interventions for a child with visual impairments
Improve manipulation and fine motor skills
Maximize use of functional vision
Encourage socially appropriate behavior
Encourage language and concept development
Strengthen cognitive skills
Maximize auditory perceptual abilities
Certified low vision therapist
Evaluates and recommends technological support
Certified Orientation and mobility specialist
Train to access the community through non-visual means
Certified vision rehabilitation therapist
Instruct in compensatory skills and training including independent living, vocation, and education
Standardized assessments for vision
Beery-Buktenica Test of Visual Motor Integration (Beery-VMI)
Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP-3)
Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities (WRAVMA)
Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS)
Motor-Free Visual Perceptual Test (MVPT-4)
