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OT with Adolescents > Postural Control and Motor Development > Flashcards

Postural Control and Motor Development Flashcards

1
Q

Development of motor control

A

Primative reflexes
Postural reactions and fixations
Proprioception and vestibular/balance function
Visual function
Higher level skills

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2
Q

Neuromaturation

A

Sequence and rate of motor development that are consistent across typically developing children

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3
Q

Primative reflexes

A

Present at or just after birth and typically integrate in 1st year of life
May reemerge after brain trauma or injury

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4
Q

Purpose of Moro’s Reflex

A

Primitive fight or flight

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5
Q

Integration of Moro’s Reflex

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 2-4 months
Signs of retention: over-reactive, startles easily, poor development of head control, fearful of movement

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6
Q

Testing for Moro’s Reflex

A

Position child supine with head at midline
Quickly shift head position backward
Positive if child’s arms extend and hands open; then arms will flex and hands close; Infants usually cry

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7
Q

Purpose of rooting reflex

A

Automatic response to turn toward food (may not be present if infant is not hungry)

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8
Q

Integration of Rooting reflex

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 3-4 months

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9
Q

Testing rooting reflex

A

Position child supine
Lightly touch one side of face near mouth
Positive if infant turns head in direction of touch

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10
Q

Purpose of palmar grasp reflex

A

Lays foundation for voluntary grasp

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11
Q

Integration of palmar grasp reflex

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 5-6 months
Signs of retention: difficulty with fine motor skill development and precise release of grasp

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12
Q

Testing of palmar grasp reflex

A

Position the child supine
Place pressure on ulnar side of palm
Positive if fingers flex

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13
Q

Purpose of asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A

Assist baby through birth canal and develop cross pattern movements

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14
Q

Integration of Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 6 months
Signs of retention: Poor eye hand coordination, difficulty crossing midline

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15
Q

Testing of Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A

Position child supine with head in mid-position
Turn the child’s head to the side
Positive if arm and leg on face side extends and arm and leg on skull side flex

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16
Q

Purpose of spinal galant

A

Assist baby with birth process

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17
Q

Integration of spinal galant

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 3-9 months
Signs of retention: poor concentration, toileting difficulties, postural issues, often seen in CP

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18
Q

Testing of spinal galant

A

Position child in prone
Lightly stroke one side of spine
Positive if hips flex toward that side

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19
Q

Purpose of Tonic labyrinthine reflex

A

Basis for head management and postural stability

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20
Q

Integration of Tonic labyrinthine reflex

A

Appears in utero and integrates by 3 1/2 years
Signs of retention: poor muscle tone, toe walking, spatial orientation issues, impede activities that require trunk co-activation

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21
Q

Testing of tonic labyrinthine reflex

A

Position child in prone so that gravity pulls the child’s head into flexion
Positive if arms and legs flex toward chest
Position child in prone so that gravity pulls head into extension
Positive if arms and legs extend

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22
Q

Purpose of Landau reflex

A

Assist with posture development

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23
Q

Integration of Landau reflex

A

Appears at 4-5 months and integrates by 1 year
Signs of retention: poor motor development

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24
Q

Testing of Landau Reflex

A

Position child in prone
Positive if head extends

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25
Q

Purpose of Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

Preparation for crawling

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26
Q

Integration of Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

Appears at 6-9 months and integrates at 9-11 months
Signs of retention: slump while sitting, poor muscle tone, poor reciprocal movements for crawling/walking

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27
Q

Testing Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

Position child in a quadraped position
Flex child’s head
Positive if arms flex and legs extend
Extend head
Positive if arms extend and legs flex

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28
Q

Righting reactions

A

Allows infant to detect when body is not erect and causes head to move back into position
Appears at 7 months

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29
Q

Protective extension

A

Child extends hands to protect from a potential fall
Appears at 5-7 months

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30
Q

Equilibrium reactions

A

Maintains ability to keep center of gravity over base of support when an external force is applied
Appears at 6 months

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31
Q

Sensory integration

A

Process of receiving, organizing, and using sensory information

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32
Q

Developmental milestones

A

Specific markers to help track development

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33
Q

General progression of motor skill development

A

Control of static position
Vertical movement
Horizontal movement
Diagonal movement
Control of dynamic position
Transition between positions

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34
Q

Developmental patterns

A

Head to toe
Proximal to distal
Mass movements before specific movement

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35
Q

Why is playing in prone important?

A

helps develop balance, strength, coordination, and endurance

36
Q

Newborn sitting skills

A

Head and center of gravity is forward
Lower extremities provide the base of support
Uses postural reactions to right head but unable to fully control it
Equilibrium reactions and protective extension become important for safety at 9-12 months

37
Q

Crawling

A

Moving on belly by pulling forward with arms

38
Q

Creeping

A

Moving on hands/knees with belly off ground

39
Q

Importance of creeping and crawling

A

Strengthens core muscles
Visual perceptual development
Development of right and left brain
Body perception and spatial awareness
Provide independent means to explore and learn

40
Q

Ankle strategy

A

Standing using our ankles and muscles that cross over the ankles to maintain balance

41
Q

Stepping strategy

A

Present after 1-3 months of walking experience
Taking a step to compensate for a perturbation

42
Q

Hip strategy

A

Seen at 3-6 months of walking experience
Moving our hips to maintain balance

43
Q

Fine motor skill development

A

Reach
Grasp
Carry
Release (UE control is essential and grasp reflex must be integrated)

44
Q

Early grasp progression

A

Palmar grasp
Radial palmar grasp
Radial digital grasp
Pincer grasp

45
Q

Palmar grasp

A

Full hand grasp with all fingers excluding the thumb wrapped around the object
Seen at around 5 months

46
Q

Radial palmar grasp

A

Grip using thumb to help hold object in hand
Seen at around 6 months

47
Q

Radial digital grasp

A

Using the pads of thumbs and fingers as well as support from palm to grasp and hold objects
Seen at around 8 months

48
Q

Pincer grasp

A

Using the tips of thumb and index finger to pick up objects
Seen at around 10 months

49
Q

Grasp patterns

A

Tip pinch
3 pt pinch
Lateral pinch
Spherical
Cylindrical (holding a cup)
Disc (opening a jar)
Hook (like holding a purse)
Power

50
Q

Prerequisites for in-hand manipulation of objects

A

Ability to control arches of hand
Forearm supination
Isolated finger and thumb movement
Thumb opposition
Wrist stability
Disassociation/differentiation of radial and ulnar side of hand

51
Q

Finger-to-palm translation

A

Ability to move object from fingertips to hand

52
Q

Palm-to-finger translation

A

Ability to move objects from palm to fingertips

53
Q

Shift

A

Ability to move object between fingers
Ex. Trying to separate two pieces of paper that are stuck together

54
Q

Simple rotation

A

Ability to roll a small object between thumb and finger tips
Ex. Using fingertips and thumb to open a small jar

55
Q

Complex rotation

A

Ability to turn an object end over end
Ex. Flipping a pencil over in one hand to use the erase

56
Q

In-hand manipulation with stabilization

A

Performing a shift or rotation while also holding an object with the hypothenar aspect of the hand

57
Q

Palmar supinate grasp

A

Fisted grasp with thumb wrapped at the top of pencil
1-1/2 years

58
Q

Radial digital grasp

A

Fingers from middle and thumb grasp pencil
2-3 years

59
Q

Modified tripod grasp

A

Pads of all fingertips hold pencil (4th and 5th digit do not tuck)
3 1/2 -4 years

60
Q

Tripod grasp

A

Using the tips of fingers on writing utensil at an angle with 4th and 5th fingers tucked into palm
4 1/2-7 years

61
Q

Bilateral integration

A

Allows child to coordinate movement of two sides of body

62
Q

Progression of bilateral integration

A

Symmetrical patterns dominate initially
Bimanual actions emerge in 10-12 months
Reciprocal and alternating hand movements
Simultaneous manipulation
Differently uses two hands

63
Q

Progression of cutting skills

A

Snips paper at 24 months
Cuts across paper without a line
Cuts on line
Cuts circle
Cuts square
Cuts triangle
Cuts complex shapes (5-6 years)

64
Q

Prerequisites to movements crossing the midline

A

Increased mobility
Increased anti-gravity stability and movement
Increased weight shifting

65
Q

When is stable hand preference established?

A

By 5 years

66
Q

Gross motor milestone at 3 months

A

Symmetrical UE and LE movements
Sits with head control in supported sitting
Props on forearms when in prone
Holds head at 45-90 degrees in prone
Rolls from tummy to back

67
Q

Fine motor skill milestones at 3 months

A

Visual tracks person or object
Grasps rattle momentarily
Brings hands to midline
Begins to reach for objects

68
Q

Gross motor milestones at 6 months

A

Prone on extended arms
Pivots in prone
Feet to mouth
Rolls back to tummy
Sits independently
Stands with support

69
Q

Fine motor milestones at 6 months

A

Transfers object from one hand to the other
Brings toys to mouth
Reaches with one arm
Bangs objects on table

70
Q

Gross motor milestones at 9 months

A

Up on hands and knees
Crawls
Transitions from sitting to prone
Transitions into sitting
Pulls to stand
Cruises on furniture

71
Q

Fine motor milestones at 9 months

A

Reaches toys in sitting without falling over
Claps hands
Bangs 2 cubes together
Shakes, bangs, throws, turns page in book
Pokes with finger
Takes object out of container

72
Q

Gross motor milestones at 12 months

A

Efficient with creeping
Stands unsupported momentarily
Takes first steps independently

73
Q

Fine motor milestones at 12 months

A

Finger feeds self
Points with index finger
Puts 3 or more objects into a container

74
Q

Gross motor milestones at 15 months

A

Walks independently
Squats without support to retrieve object
Walks up and down stairs with hands held
Flings ball forward

75
Q

Fine motor milestones at 15 months

A

Stacks two 1 inch cubes
Assists with undressing
Marks paper with crayon

76
Q

Gross motor milestones at 18 months

A

Walks efficiently
Walks up and down steps holding railing
Climbs into adult chair

77
Q

Fine motor milestones at 18 months

A

Builds 3 block tower
Scribbles on paper
Bilateral coordination: one hand holds, one manipulates
Places pegs in board

78
Q

Gross motor milestone at 24 months

A

Runs
Jumps in place, 2 feet off ground
Walks up/down stairs without railing
Throws overhand

79
Q

Fine motor milestones at 24 months

A

Strings 1 inch beads
Snips with scissors
Draws vertical line
Circular scribbles
Puts shoes on
Uses spoon and fork

80
Q

Gross motor milestones at 3 years

A

Kicks ball without help
Walks up stairs alternating feet
Rides tricycle

81
Q

Fine motor milestones at 3 years

A

Copies a circle
Imitates cross
Completes simple puzzle (3-5 pieces)
Unbuttons 1 inch buttons

82
Q

Gross motor milestones at 4 years

A

Catches ball with hands
Rides bicycle with training wheels
Stands on one foot for 6 seconds
Hops on one foot
Jumps forward

83
Q

Fine motor skills at 4 years

A

Draw person with 3 parts
Builds 8 block tower
Cuts following line
Static tripod grasp

84
Q

Gross motor milestones at 5 years

A

Efficient with walk, running, and climbing
Skips
Walks downstairs holding object
Throws ball at target
Walks downstairs reciprocally

85
Q

Fine motor milestones at 5 years

A

Copies square and triangle
Copies name
Dynamic tripod grasp
Cuts simple shapes
Prints some letters
Draws person with 5+ body parts
Established hand dominance

OT with Adolescents (11 decks)

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