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OT with Adolescents > Postural Control and Motor Development > Flashcards

Postural Control and Motor Development Flashcards

1
Q

Development of motor control

A

Primative reflexes
Postural reactions and fixations
Proprioception and vestibular/balance function
Visual function
Higher level skills

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2
Q

Neuromaturation

A

Sequence and rate of motor development that are consistent across typically developing children

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3
Q

Primative reflexes

A

Present at or just after birth and typically integrate in 1st year of life
May reemerge after brain trauma or injury

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4
Q

Purpose of Moro’s Reflex

A

Primitive fight or flight

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5
Q

Integration of Moro’s Reflex

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 2-4 months
Signs of retention: over-reactive, startles easily, poor development of head control, fearful of movement

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6
Q

Testing for Moro’s Reflex

A

Position child supine with head at midline
Quickly shift head position backward
Positive if child’s arms extend and hands open; then arms will flex and hands close; Infants usually cry

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7
Q

Purpose of rooting reflex

A

Automatic response to turn toward food (may not be present if infant is not hungry)

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8
Q

Integration of Rooting reflex

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 3-4 months

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9
Q

Testing rooting reflex

A

Position child supine
Lightly touch one side of face near mouth
Positive if infant turns head in direction of touch

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10
Q

Purpose of palmar grasp reflex

A

Lays foundation for voluntary grasp

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11
Q

Integration of palmar grasp reflex

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 5-6 months
Signs of retention: difficulty with fine motor skill development and precise release of grasp

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12
Q

Testing of palmar grasp reflex

A

Position the child supine
Place pressure on ulnar side of palm
Positive if fingers flex

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13
Q

Purpose of asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A

Assist baby through birth canal and develop cross pattern movements

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14
Q

Integration of Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 6 months
Signs of retention: Poor eye hand coordination, difficulty crossing midline

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15
Q

Testing of Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A

Position child supine with head in mid-position
Turn the child’s head to the side
Positive if arm and leg on face side extends and arm and leg on skull side flex

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16
Q

Purpose of spinal galant

A

Assist baby with birth process

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17
Q

Integration of spinal galant

A

Appears at birth and integrates by 3-9 months
Signs of retention: poor concentration, toileting difficulties, postural issues, often seen in CP

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18
Q

Testing of spinal galant

A

Position child in prone
Lightly stroke one side of spine
Positive if hips flex toward that side

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19
Q

Purpose of Tonic labyrinthine reflex

A

Basis for head management and postural stability

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20
Q

Integration of Tonic labyrinthine reflex

A

Appears in utero and integrates by 3 1/2 years
Signs of retention: poor muscle tone, toe walking, spatial orientation issues, impede activities that require trunk co-activation

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21
Q

Testing of tonic labyrinthine reflex

A

Position child in prone so that gravity pulls the child’s head into flexion
Positive if arms and legs flex toward chest
Position child in prone so that gravity pulls head into extension
Positive if arms and legs extend

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22
Q

Purpose of Landau reflex

A

Assist with posture development

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23
Q

Integration of Landau reflex

A

Appears at 4-5 months and integrates by 1 year
Signs of retention: poor motor development

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24
Q

Testing of Landau Reflex

A

Position child in prone
Positive if head extends

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25
Purpose of Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
Preparation for crawling
26
Integration of Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
Appears at 6-9 months and integrates at 9-11 months Signs of retention: slump while sitting, poor muscle tone, poor reciprocal movements for crawling/walking
27
Testing Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
Position child in a quadraped position Flex child's head Positive if arms flex and legs extend Extend head Positive if arms extend and legs flex
28
Righting reactions
Allows infant to detect when body is not erect and causes head to move back into position Appears at 7 months
29
Protective extension
Child extends hands to protect from a potential fall Appears at 5-7 months
30
Equilibrium reactions
Maintains ability to keep center of gravity over base of support when an external force is applied Appears at 6 months
31
Sensory integration
Process of receiving, organizing, and using sensory information
32
Developmental milestones
Specific markers to help track development
33
General progression of motor skill development
Control of static position Vertical movement Horizontal movement Diagonal movement Control of dynamic position Transition between positions
34
Developmental patterns
Head to toe Proximal to distal Mass movements before specific movement
35
Why is playing in prone important?
helps develop balance, strength, coordination, and endurance
36
Newborn sitting skills
Head and center of gravity is forward Lower extremities provide the base of support Uses postural reactions to right head but unable to fully control it Equilibrium reactions and protective extension become important for safety at 9-12 months
37
Crawling
Moving on belly by pulling forward with arms
38
Creeping
Moving on hands/knees with belly off ground
39
Importance of creeping and crawling
Strengthens core muscles Visual perceptual development Development of right and left brain Body perception and spatial awareness Provide independent means to explore and learn
40
Ankle strategy
Standing using our ankles and muscles that cross over the ankles to maintain balance
41
Stepping strategy
Present after 1-3 months of walking experience Taking a step to compensate for a perturbation
42
Hip strategy
Seen at 3-6 months of walking experience Moving our hips to maintain balance
43
Fine motor skill development
Reach Grasp Carry Release (UE control is essential and grasp reflex must be integrated)
44
Early grasp progression
Palmar grasp Radial palmar grasp Radial digital grasp Pincer grasp
45
Palmar grasp
Full hand grasp with all fingers excluding the thumb wrapped around the object Seen at around 5 months
46
Radial palmar grasp
Grip using thumb to help hold object in hand Seen at around 6 months
47
Radial digital grasp
Using the pads of thumbs and fingers as well as support from palm to grasp and hold objects Seen at around 8 months
48
Pincer grasp
Using the tips of thumb and index finger to pick up objects Seen at around 10 months
49
Grasp patterns
Tip pinch 3 pt pinch Lateral pinch Spherical Cylindrical (holding a cup) Disc (opening a jar) Hook (like holding a purse) Power
50
Prerequisites for in-hand manipulation of objects
Ability to control arches of hand Forearm supination Isolated finger and thumb movement Thumb opposition Wrist stability Disassociation/differentiation of radial and ulnar side of hand
51
Finger-to-palm translation
Ability to move object from fingertips to hand
52
Palm-to-finger translation
Ability to move objects from palm to fingertips
53
Shift
Ability to move object between fingers Ex. Trying to separate two pieces of paper that are stuck together
54
Simple rotation
Ability to roll a small object between thumb and finger tips Ex. Using fingertips and thumb to open a small jar
55
Complex rotation
Ability to turn an object end over end Ex. Flipping a pencil over in one hand to use the erase
56
In-hand manipulation with stabilization
Performing a shift or rotation while also holding an object with the hypothenar aspect of the hand
57
Palmar supinate grasp
Fisted grasp with thumb wrapped at the top of pencil 1-1/2 years
58
Radial digital grasp
Fingers from middle and thumb grasp pencil 2-3 years
59
Modified tripod grasp
Pads of all fingertips hold pencil (4th and 5th digit do not tuck) 3 1/2 -4 years
60
Tripod grasp
Using the tips of fingers on writing utensil at an angle with 4th and 5th fingers tucked into palm 4 1/2-7 years
61
Bilateral integration
Allows child to coordinate movement of two sides of body
62
Progression of bilateral integration
Symmetrical patterns dominate initially Bimanual actions emerge in 10-12 months Reciprocal and alternating hand movements Simultaneous manipulation Differently uses two hands
63
Progression of cutting skills
Snips paper at 24 months Cuts across paper without a line Cuts on line Cuts circle Cuts square Cuts triangle Cuts complex shapes (5-6 years)
64
Prerequisites to movements crossing the midline
Increased mobility Increased anti-gravity stability and movement Increased weight shifting
65
When is stable hand preference established?
By 5 years
66
Gross motor milestone at 3 months
Symmetrical UE and LE movements Sits with head control in supported sitting Props on forearms when in prone Holds head at 45-90 degrees in prone Rolls from tummy to back
67
Fine motor skill milestones at 3 months
Visual tracks person or object Grasps rattle momentarily Brings hands to midline Begins to reach for objects
68
Gross motor milestones at 6 months
Prone on extended arms Pivots in prone Feet to mouth Rolls back to tummy Sits independently Stands with support
69
Fine motor milestones at 6 months
Transfers object from one hand to the other Brings toys to mouth Reaches with one arm Bangs objects on table
70
Gross motor milestones at 9 months
Up on hands and knees Crawls Transitions from sitting to prone Transitions into sitting Pulls to stand Cruises on furniture
71
Fine motor milestones at 9 months
Reaches toys in sitting without falling over Claps hands Bangs 2 cubes together Shakes, bangs, throws, turns page in book Pokes with finger Takes object out of container
72
Gross motor milestones at 12 months
Efficient with creeping Stands unsupported momentarily Takes first steps independently
73
Fine motor milestones at 12 months
Finger feeds self Points with index finger Puts 3 or more objects into a container
74
Gross motor milestones at 15 months
Walks independently Squats without support to retrieve object Walks up and down stairs with hands held Flings ball forward
75
Fine motor milestones at 15 months
Stacks two 1 inch cubes Assists with undressing Marks paper with crayon
76
Gross motor milestones at 18 months
Walks efficiently Walks up and down steps holding railing Climbs into adult chair
77
Fine motor milestones at 18 months
Builds 3 block tower Scribbles on paper Bilateral coordination: one hand holds, one manipulates Places pegs in board
78
Gross motor milestone at 24 months
Runs Jumps in place, 2 feet off ground Walks up/down stairs without railing Throws overhand
79
Fine motor milestones at 24 months
Strings 1 inch beads Snips with scissors Draws vertical line Circular scribbles Puts shoes on Uses spoon and fork
80
Gross motor milestones at 3 years
Kicks ball without help Walks up stairs alternating feet Rides tricycle
81
Fine motor milestones at 3 years
Copies a circle Imitates cross Completes simple puzzle (3-5 pieces) Unbuttons 1 inch buttons
82
Gross motor milestones at 4 years
Catches ball with hands Rides bicycle with training wheels Stands on one foot for 6 seconds Hops on one foot Jumps forward
83
Fine motor skills at 4 years
Draw person with 3 parts Builds 8 block tower Cuts following line Static tripod grasp
84
Gross motor milestones at 5 years
Efficient with walk, running, and climbing Skips Walks downstairs holding object Throws ball at target Walks downstairs reciprocally
85
Fine motor milestones at 5 years
Copies square and triangle Copies name Dynamic tripod grasp Cuts simple shapes Prints some letters Draws person with 5+ body parts Established hand dominance

OT with Adolescents (11 decks)

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