Visual Perception Flashcards
set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli
Perception
He provided a useful framework for studying perception. He introduced the concepts of distal (External) object, informational medium, proximal stimulation, and perceptual object.
James Gibson
A concept of perception that refers to an object in the external world. A falling tree is an example of this basic type of conception
Distal object
The i____ m___ could be sound waves, as in the sound of the falling tree
Informational medium
P__ (near) stimulation (i.e., the cells in your retina absorb the light waves)
Proximal stimulation
It is created in you that reflects the properties of the external world
Perceptual object
The word “G___” is German and means “complete field”
Ganzfeld
a phenomenon of perception caused by exposure to an unstructured, uniform stimulation field
Ganzfeld
A data driven that describe approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye
Bottom-up Theories
describe a perception that is driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and the prior expectations that influence perception. (Conceptual data)
Top-down theories
the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything
Direct perception
As the environment supplies us with all the information we need for perception
ecological approach
Suggest that we have stored in our minds myriad sets of templates
Template theories
Are highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize
Templates
It attempts to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype
Feature-matching Theories
receive a retinal image and pass it on to “feature demons”
image demons
These matches are yelled out at demons at the next level of the hierarchy, the “c__ d___.”
cognitive demons
listens to the pandemonium of the cognitive demons
Decision demon
we quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the objects into Geons
recognition-by-components (RBC) theory
it states that higher-order thinking plays an important role in perception. It also emphasizes the role of learning in perception
Intelligent perception
The percepts are based on three things
- What we sense (the sensory data)
- What we know (knowledge stored in memory)
- What we can infer (using high-level cognitive processes.)
Objects presented in certain configurations are easier to recognize than the objects presented in isolation, even if the objects in the configurations are more complex than those in isolation.
Configural-superiority effect
Target line that forms a part of a drawing of a 3-D object is identified more accurately than a target that forms a part of a disconnected 2-D pattern
Object-superiority effect
Indicates that when people are presented with strings of letters, it is easier for them to identify a single letter if the string makes sense and forms a word instead of being just a nonsense sequel letter
The word-superiority effect
the individual stores the way the object looks to him or her
Viewer-centered representation
the individual stores a representation of the object, independent of its appearance to the viewer
Object-centered representation
Representation, information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or prominent item
landmark-centered
useful particularly for understanding how we perceive groups of objects or even parts of objects to form integral wholes
Gestalt approach
The tendency to perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form
Law of Prägnanz.
system specializes in recognition of parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive holes
Feature analysis
specializes in recognizing larger configurations
Configurational system
Face recognition occurs, at least in part, in the f___ g__ of the temporal lobe
fusiform gyrus
The inability to recognize faces—would imply damage of some kind to the configurational system
Prosopagnosia
It occurs when our perception of an object remains the same even when our proximal sensation of the distal object changes
Perceptual Constancies
the perception that an object maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus
Size constancy
The ability to see the world in 3 dimensions and detect distance
Depth Perception
cues can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye
Monocular depth
cues are based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes
Binocular depth
Parallel lines converge in distance
Linear perspective
images seem blurry, the farther away
Aerial perspective
objects get smaller at decreasing speed in distance
Motion Parallax
eyes turn inward as object moves towards you, brain uses this information to judge distance
Binocular convergence
each eye views a slightly different angle of an object; Brain uses this to create a 3-d image
Binocular disparity
Inability to recognize and identify objects or persons despite having knowledge of the characteristics of the objects or persons
Agnosia
Inability to recognize faces, including one’s own
Prosopagnosia
- Normal visual fields, yet act blind
- Perceives only one stimulus at a time—single word or object
Simultagnosic/Simultagnosia
- Cannot navigate in even familiar environment
- Gets lost
Spatial Agnosia
- Cannot recognize certain sounds
- Can not tell if two melodies are the same or different
Auditory Agnosia
Can see two colors are different, but cannot name the colors
Color Agnosia
- Cannot use vision to guide movement
- Unable to reach for items
Optic ataxia
