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Cognitive Psychology > Cognitive Psychology Defined > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Defined Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.

A

Cognitive Psychology

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2
Q

These people study how people perceive various shapes, why they remember some facts but forget others, or how they learn language.

A

Cognitive psychologists

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3
Q

Why study Cognitive Psychology?

A
  1. We may have a better understanding of where we are heading
  2. We can learn from past mistakes
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4
Q

It is a developmental process where ideas evolve over time through a pattern of transformation

A

Dialectic

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5
Q

What are the Patterns in Dialectic

A
  1. A thesis is proposed
  2. An antithesis emerges
  3. A synthesis integrates the viewpoints
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6
Q

A ____ is a statement of belief. After a while, certain individuals notice apparent flaws in it.

A

Thesis

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7
Q

It is a statement that counters a previous statement of belief

A

Antithesis

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8
Q

It integrates the most credible features of each of two (or more) views.

A

Synthesis

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9
Q

Why is Dialectic important?

A

For the reason that, we may be tempted to think that if one view is right, another seemingly contrasting view must be wrong.

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10
Q

It seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences

A

Philosophy

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11
Q

from intro-, “___, ___,” and -spect, “___”

A

inward, within; look

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12
Q

from ___-, “inward, within,” and -__, “look”);

A

intro-; -spect

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13
Q

_____ seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical (observation-based) methods.

A

Physiology

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14
Q

What are the two approaches in understanding human mind of the Earliest roots of Psychology?

A

Philosophy and Physiology

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15
Q

It is the examination of inner ideas and experiences

A

Introspection

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16
Q

The two Greek Philosophers that profoundly affected modern thinking in Psychology and many other fields

A

Plato and Aristotle

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17
Q

He was a rationalist Greek Philosopher

A

Plato

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18
Q

A/an ____believes that that route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis. That is, a _______ does not need any experiments to develop new knowledge.

A

Rationalist

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19
Q

A rationalist who is interested in cognitive processes would appeal to ______ as a source or knowledge or justification

A

Reason

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20
Q

He was a naturalist Greek Philosopher

A

Aristotle

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21
Q

A/an ______ believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence- that is, we obtain evidence through experience and observation.

A

Empiricist

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22
Q

This is where we obtain evidence through experience and observation.

A

Empirical evidence

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23
Q

He was also a rationalist and viewed the introspective, reflective method as being superior to empirical methods for finding the truth.

A

Rene Descartes

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24
Q

I think, therefore I am

A

Cogito, ergo sum

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25
Q

Cogito, ergo sum stems from who?

A

Rene Descartes

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26
Q

Descartes maintained that the only proof of his existence is that he was ____ and ______.

A

Thinking and doubting

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27
Q

He believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation

A

John Locke

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28
Q

Locke believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through _____?

A

Empirical observation

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29
Q

Locke’s term for this view was _____ (meaning “blank slate” in Latin)

A

Tabula rasa

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30
Q

Tabula rasa in Latin means?

A

Blank slate

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31
Q

It is the idea is that life and experience “write” knowledge on us

A

Tabula rasa or Blank slate

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32
Q

He believed that that both rationalism and empiricism have their place and both work must work together in the quest for truth.

A

Immanuel Kant

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33
Q

An early dialectic in the history of psychology is that between s____ and f_____.

A

Structuralism and Functionalism

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34
Q

It was the first major school of thought in psychology

A

Structuralism

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35
Q

It seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components (affection, attention, memory, sensation, etc.)

A

Structuralism

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36
Q

W___ W___ was a German psychologist whose ideas contributed to the development of structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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37
Q

The founder of Structuralism in Psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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38
Q

Wundt used a variety of methods in his research. One of these methods was _____.

A

Introspection

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39
Q

It is a deliberate looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness.

A

Introspection

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40
Q

The aim of introspection is?

A

to look at the elementary components of an object or process

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41
Q

He is viewed as the first full-fledged structuralist and his experiments relied solely on the use of introspection

A

Edward Titchner

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42
Q

Considered as counter structuralism

A

Functionalism

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43
Q

F____ suggested that psychologists should focus on the processes of thought rather than on its contents.

A

Functionalism

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44
Q

It seeks to understand what people do and why they do it

A

Functionalism

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45
Q

Functionalists held that the key to understanding the human mind and behavior was to study the processes of h__ and w__ the mind works as it does, rather than to study the structural contents and elements of the mind.

A

how and why

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46
Q

It seems natural for functionalism to have led to p_____.

A

pragmatism

47
Q

P_____ believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness: What can you do with it?

A

Pragmatists

48
Q

They are concerned not only with knowing what people do; they also want to know what we can do with our knowledge of what people do.

A

Pragmatists

49
Q

His chief functional contribution to the field of Psychology was a single book: his landmark _____

A

Principles of Psychology

50
Q

It examines how elements of the mind, like events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning

A

Associationism

51
Q

Refers to associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time

A

Contiguity

52
Q

Refers to associating things with familiar features or properties

A

Similarities

53
Q

Refers to associating things that show polarities

A

Contrast

54
Q

He was an associationist and was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically.

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

55
Q

He studied his own mental processes. He made up lists of nonsense syllables that consisted of a consonant and a vowel followed by another consonant

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

56
Q

Ebbinghaus found that frequent _____ can fix mental associations more firmly in memory. Thus, ____ aids in learning.

A

Repetitions

57
Q

A stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response.

A

the law of effect

58
Q

the role of “____” is the key to forming associations

A

Satisfactions

59
Q

It focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli

A

Behaviorism

60
Q

Nobel-Prize winning Physiologist I___ P___ studied involuntary learning behavior of this sort

A

Ivan Pavlov

61
Q

To Pavlov, this response indicated a form of learning (______) over which the dogs had no conscious control

A

Classically conditioned learning or Classical conditioning

62
Q

It involves more than just an association based on temporal contiguity (e.g., the food and the conditioned stimulus occurring at about the same time)

A

Classical conditioning

63
Q

E____ c______ requires contingency (e.g., the presentation of food being contingent on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus)

A

Effective conditioning

64
Q

May be considered as an extreme version of associationism that It focuses entirely on the association between the environment and observable behavior.

A

Behaviorism

65
Q

He is the father of radical behaviorism and he believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study of observable behavior

A

John Watson

66
Q

______ a radical behaviorist, believed that virtually all forms of human behavior, not just learning, could be explained by behavior emitted in reaction to the environment.

A

B.F. Skinner

67
Q

B.F. Skinner believed instead that O____ c______- involving the strengthening or weakening of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of reinforcement (rewards) or punishments- could explain all forms of human behavior.

A

Operant conditioning

68
Q

Behaviorists regarded the mind as a “_____” that is best understood in terms of its input and output, but whose internal processes cannot be accurately described because they are not observable

A

Black box

69
Q

The whole is more than the sum of its parts

A

Gestalt Psychology

70
Q

It states that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes.

A

Gestalt Psychology

71
Q

They studied insight, seeking to understand the unobservable mental event by which someone goes from having no idea about how to solve a problem to understanding it fully in what seems a mere moment of time.

A

Gestaltists

72
Q

In the early 1950s, a movement called the “_______” took place in response to behaviorism.

A

Cognitive revolution

73
Q

It is the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think.

A

Cognitivism

74
Q

He was one of Watson’s former students that brashly challenged the behaviorist view that the human brain is a passive organ merely responding to environment contingencies outside the individual.

A

Karl Spencer Lashley

75
Q

These are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation

A

Cell assemblies

76
Q

Linguist N___ C____ wrote a scathing review of Skinner’s ideas. In his article, he stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language.

A

Noam Chomsky

77
Q

He suggested that soon it would be hard to distinguish the communication of machines from that of humans.

A

Turing

78
Q

A test which a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable, by humans, from the output of humans.

A

Turing test

79
Q

It is the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information.

A

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

80
Q

sought to understand people’s behavior in terms of how they process the kinds of bits of information processed by computers, also grew out of problems in engineering and informatics.

A

Information theory

81
Q

It implies that the processes that are used in one domain of processing, such as the linguistic or the perceptual domain, operate independently of processes in other domains.

A

Modularity

82
Q

An o_____ v___ would be one of domain-general processing, according to which the processes that apply in one domain, such as perception or language, apply in many other domains as well.

A

Opposing view

83
Q

Although _____ itself was not a scientifically valid technique, the practice of mental cartography lingered and eventually gave rise to ideas of modularity based on modern scientific techniques

A

Phrenology

84
Q

It can be viewed as an integrating, or “umbrella” psychological construct for a great deal of theory and research in cognitive psychology.

A

Human Intelligence

85
Q

It is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.

A

Intelligence

86
Q

It includes many narrow, specific abilities (e.g., spelling ability, speed of reasoning).

A

Stratum I

87
Q

It includes various broad abilities (e.g., fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, short-term memory, long-term storage and retrieval, information processing speed).

A

Stratum II

88
Q

It is just a single general intelligence (sometimes called g).

A

Stratum III

89
Q

Of the three strata, the most interesting is the ____stratum, which is neither too narrow nor too all-encompassing

A

Middle stratum

90
Q

In the middle stratum are f___ ability and c___ ability

A

Fluid ability and Crystallized ability

91
Q

It is is the speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially for novel problems

A

Fluid ability

92
Q

It is accumulated knowledge and vocabulary

A

Crystallized ability

93
Q

C____’s model is probably the most widely accepted of the measurement-based models of intelligence

A

Carroll’s model

94
Q

He proposed a theory of multiple intelligence

A

Howard Gardner

95
Q

this theory distinguishes eight distinct intelligences that are relatively independent of each other

A

Multiple Intelligence

96
Q

A type of intelligence used in reading a book; writing a paper, a novel, or a poem; and understanding spoken words

A

Linguistic intelligence

97
Q

A type of intelligence used in solving math problems, in balancing a checkbook, in solving a mathematical proof, and in logical reasoning.

A

Logical-mathematical intelligence

98
Q

A type of intelligence used in getting from one place to another, in reading a map, and in packing suitcases in the trunk of a car so that they all fit into a compact space.

A

Spatial intelligence

99
Q

A type of intelligence used in singing a song, composing a sonata, playing a trumpet, or even appreciating the structure of a piece of music

A

Musical intelligence

100
Q

A type of intelligence used in dancing, playing basketball, running a mile, or throwing a javelin

A

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

101
Q

A type of intelligence used in relating to other people, such as when we try to understand another person’s behavior, motives, or emotions

A

Interpersonal intelligence

102
Q

A type of intelligence used in understanding ourselves- the basis for understanding who we are, what makes us tick, and how we can change ourselves, given our existing constraints on our abilities and our interests

A

Intrapersonal intelligence

103
Q

A type of intelligence used in understanding patterns in nature.

A

Naturalist intelligence

104
Q

He proposed the triarchic theory of human intelligence

A

Robert Sternberg

105
Q

are used to generate novel ideas

A

Creative abilities

106
Q

ascertain whether your ideas (and those of others) are good ones

A

Analytical abilities

107
Q

are used to implement the ideas and persuade others of their value

A

Practical abilities

108
Q

According to the theory, ____ is at the center of intelligence

A

Cognition

109
Q

higher-order executive processes (i.e., metacognition) used to plan, monitor, and evaluate problem solving

A

Metacomponents

110
Q

lower-order processes used for implementing the commands of the metacomponents

A

Performance components

111
Q

the processes used for learning how to solve the problems in the first place. The components are highly interdependent

A

Knowledge-acquisition components

112
Q

A type of intelligence in Triarchic theory that refers to the Mental steps or components used to solve problems

A

Analytical intelligence

113
Q

A type of intelligence in Triarchic theory that refers to the use of experience in wats that foster insight

A

Creative intelligence

114
Q

A type of intelligence in Triarchic theory that refers to the ability to read and adapt to everyday life

A

Practical intelligence

Cognitive Psychology (6 decks)

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