Visual Navigation

Question 1

Good indicator of flight progress

Answer 1

Measuring time

Tell us where and when to look on the map

Question 2

Low alt VRP

Answer 2

Need to have features with high vertical extent, unique and big

Doesn’t give accurate position fix but are easy to see

Question 3

Higher alt VRP

Answer 3

Features with great horizontal extent
E.g, lakes, motorways, railways

Difficult to spot but gives an accurate position fix

Question 4

If you miss your checkpoint

Answer 4

Continue to fly the planned HDG and speed to next checkpoint

If can’t spot the checkpoint at the end of the current leg, continue till eta and then set planned HDG for the next leg

Question 5

If you miss multiple checkpoints

Answer 5

Your actual position is likely to be progressively further from the actual position

Depending on your proximity to controlled or restricted airspace will determine if this counts as an emergency

Look for a line feature

Question 6

Examples of line features

Answer 6

Rivers
Coasts
Canyons 
Ridges 
Man made things such as roads/ railways

Question 7

Line feature perpendicular to the track is good for?

Answer 7

Checking time and ETA

Question 8

2 line features are good for

Answer 8

Checking GS if they are perpendicular

Question 9

A crossing point of line features are good for

Answer 9

A position fix

Question 10

Single line feature parallel to the track is good for?

Answer 10

Good for checking drift and tracking

Question 11

White out

Answer 11

Caused by snow cover and cloud cover - similar colours so they can block out the horizon

Question 12

The effect of time of day on visual nav

Answer 12

Engle of the sun can effect shadows and reflections

Reflections and shadows can make features look more distinctive

Question 13

1 in 60 equation

Answer 13

Track error = (dist off x 60)/dist gone

Question 14

G/s and Rod equations

Answer 14

Ht on g/s = angle x 100 x range

Rod = angle x 100 x (GS/60)