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Welding Inspection Basics > Visual Examination and Discontinuities > Flashcards

Visual Examination and Discontinuities Flashcards

Learn what causes and how to identify discontinuities like laminations, cracks, inclusions and lack of fusion.

1
Q

The internal misalignment of pipe ends (high-low) may result in what discontinuity?

A

Inadequate penetration

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2
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Inadequate penetration

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3
Q

The discontinuity caused by weld metal that does not extend through the thickness of the joint is called:

A

Inadequate penetration

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4
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Inadequate penetration

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5
Q

The discontinuity caused when travel speed is too slow causing weld metal to overflow onto the base metal is called:

A

Overlap

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6
Q

An excessively convex fillet weld creates what discontinuity?

A

Overlap

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7
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Overlap

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8
Q

The three types of porosity (besides isolated porosity) are:

A

Cluster, piping and elongated

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9
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Aligned porosity

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10
Q

A localized array of porosity oriented in a line is called:

A

Aligned porosity

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11
Q

The discontinuity that results from gas being trapped in the weld during solidification is called:

A

Porosity

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12
Q

The use of wet low hydrogen electrodes may result in what discontinuity?

A

Porosity

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13
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Elongated porosity

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14
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Arc strike

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15
Q

Can arc strikes be repaired?

A

No

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16
Q

The discontinuity that results from the initiation of the arc outside the weld zone is called:

A

Arc strike

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17
Q

What are the two most common types of inclusions?

A

Tungsten and slag

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18
Q

Inclusions are of what two types?

A

Metallic and non-metallic

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19
Q

Entrapped foreign solid material, such as slag, flux, tungsten or oxide is called:

A

Inclusion

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20
Q

Excessive amperage, travel speed and improper work angel may cause what discontinuity?

A

Undercut

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21
Q

What discontinuity only appears in the weld interface adjacent to the weld toe or weld root?

A

Undercut

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22
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Undercut

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23
Q

When the base metal is melted but not filled in with weld metal, _______ results at the toes of the weld.

A

Undercut

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24
Q

The discontinuity that results when the root of a single V-groove weld is blown inwards is called:

A

Burn through

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25
Q

A hole or depression in the root bead of a single-groove weld due to excess penetration is called:

A

Burn through

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26
Q

What discontinuity is shown in this root bead?

A

Burn through

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27
Q

Metal particles that adhere to the base metal but are not incorporated into the weld describes which discontinuity?

A

Spatter

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28
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Spatter

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29
Q

In general, do grinding repairs require the inspectors approval?

A

No

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30
Q

Fusion over the entire fusion faces and between all adjoining weld beads is called:

A

Complete fusion

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31
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Incomplete fusion of a consumable insert

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32
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Incomplete fusion

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33
Q

The discontinuity that results when a weld bead does not combine with the base metal is called:

A

Incomplete fusion

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34
Q

What discontinuity occurs just outside the HAZ and is characterized by a step-like appearance?

A

Lamellar tears

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35
Q

A subsurface terrace and step-like crack in the base metal caused by tensile stresses in the through-thickness direction of the base metal is called:

A

Lamellar tear

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36
Q

Which discontinuity is caused by shrinkage stress in the through thickness direction of a thick plate?

A

Lamellar tear

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37
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Lamellar tear

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38
Q

Hydrogen in the weld pool may cause what two discontinuities?

A

Cracking and porosity

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39
Q

What type of crack is shown here?

A

Throat crack

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40
Q

The presence of hydrogen, a susceptible microstructure, stress and low temperature are the four requirements for delayed cracks to form in what area?

A

The HAZ

heat affected zone

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41
Q

A crack that runs perpendicular to the weld is called a:

A

Transverse crack

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42
Q

Materials prone to hydrogen embrittlement are not inspected for at least 48 hours after welding is completed because they are prone to:

A

Delayed (hydrogen) cracking

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43
Q

Which discontinuity is considered the most detrimental?

A

Cracks

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44
Q

What type of discontinuity is shown here?

A

Crater crack

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45
Q

What type of discontinuity is shown here?

A

HAZ (heat affected zone) crack

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46
Q

A fracture-type discontinuity characterized by a sharp tip and high ratio of width and length to opening displacement is called:

A

A crack

47
Q

Improper width-to-depth ratio of the molten weld pool can result in what type of cracking?

A

Solidification cracking

48
Q

Delayed cracking may occur up to ____ hours after the weld is completed.

A

48 hours

49
Q

This solidification crack was caused by what?

A

Improper width-to-depth ratio

50
Q

What type of discontinuity is shown here?

A

Longitudinal crack

51
Q

What type of discontinuities appear in the HAZ (heat affected zone)?

A

Cracks

52
Q

Crater cracks are most often caused by what?

A

Improper termination of the arc

53
Q

Underbead cracking is primarily caused by:

A

Hydrogen

54
Q

The discontinuity that results in the separation of a lamination under stress is called:

A

Delamination

55
Q

What mill-induced discontinuity is being shown in this rolled plate?

A

Laminations

56
Q

The mill-induced discontinuity with a separation or weakness toward the center of rolled products is called:

A

A lamination

57
Q

What mill-induced discontinuities appear on the surface of rolled products?

A

Seams and laps

58
Q

Which discontinuities are caused by improper manufacturing of the base material?

A

Laminations, seams and laps

59
Q

Thermocouples, crayons and surface pyrometers are all ways to monitor what?

A

Preheat and interpass temperature

60
Q

What inspection tool is shown here?

A

A pyrometer

61
Q

In a multipass weld, the temperature of the weld area prior to depositing the next weld bead is called what?

A

Interpass temperature

62
Q

Preheat should always be measured ___ inches from the edge of the weld zone.

A

3”

63
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Suck back (concave root)

64
Q

In pipe welding, surface tension of the molten weld metal tries to pull itself into a ball, forming a concave root surface. This discontinuity is referred to as:

A

Suck back (concave root)

65
Q

The discontinuity that results when the weld metal is below the surface of the base metal is called:

A

Underfill

66
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Underfill

67
Q

Excessive buildup on the face of a groove weld is called:

A

Excessive reinforcement

68
Q

The height of the weld above the base metal in a groove weld is called:

A

Reinforcement

69
Q

What discontinuity is shown here?

A

Excessive reinforcement

70
Q

A discontinuity that renders a part unable to meet certain acceptance criteria is called:

A

A defect

71
Q

Which weld bead uses a higher amperage and faster travel speed to smooth the root bead and burn out trapped slag?

A

Hot pass

72
Q

An interruption of the typical physical characteristics of a weldment describes what?

A

Discontinuity

73
Q

A ______ is always a discontinuity, but a discontinuity is not always a ________.

A

Defect

74
Q

Freedom from imperfection describes a materials:

A

Soundness

75
Q

A delay in welding to allow inspection is called what?

A

Hold point

76
Q

Machining the I.D. of pipe ends for proper alignment is know as:

A

Counterbore

77
Q

The machining that has been done to the end of this pipe is called what?

A

Counterbore

78
Q

When should VT (visual testing) be performed?

A

Before, during and after welding

79
Q

The least expensive form of NDE is:

A

VT

visual testing

80
Q

Which NDE method can verify fit-up, joint configuration, weld dimensions and profile?

A

VT

visual testing

81
Q

What is the most frequently used NDE method?

A

VT

visual testing

82
Q

Light is measured in what increments?

A

Foot candles

83
Q

This type of picture is used for what type of test?

A

Color-blindness

84
Q

What type of NDE is being conducted here?

A

VT

visual testing

85
Q

A borescope may be used with what type of NDE?

A

VT

visual testing

86
Q

What type of NDE uses a light source, magnifyers, and rulers?

A

VT

visual testing

87
Q

What problems may result if the welding amperage is too high?

A

Excessive spatter and porosity

88
Q

An excess of dross on a torch cut surface implies what?

A

Travel speed too slow

89
Q

When should drawings and specifications be reviewed?

A

Before, during and after welding

90
Q

What does this guage measure?

A

High-low (misalignment)

91
Q

What does this gauge measure?

A

Root opening

92
Q

The item placed between the two unwelded pipes is called what?

A

Consumable insert

93
Q

Pre-placed filler metal that is incorporated into the root bead during welding is called:

A

Consumable insert

94
Q

What pipe schedule is ‘standard’ wall thickness?

A

Schedule 40

95
Q

What do these gauges measure?

A

Fillet weld size

96
Q

Which leg of the fillet is being measured in this picture?

A

The vertical leg

97
Q

Which leg of the fillet is being measured in this picture?

A

The horizontal leg

98
Q

”+/-“ is used to express what?

A

Tolerance

99
Q

Does the CWI need to particiapte in good housekeeping?

A

Yes

100
Q

Does the CWI make visual inspection criteria?

A

No

101
Q

Does the CWI participate in creating a QC program?

A

Yes

102
Q

How should errors on inspection reports be corrected?

A

Single line out and initial

103
Q

Should the CWI publicly express opinions on workmanship?

A

No

104
Q

The acronym MTR stands for what?

A

Material test report

105
Q

Is preheat a minimum, maximum or range of temperature to be maintained during welding?

A

Minimum

106
Q

Is interpass a minimum, maximum or range of temperature to be maintained during welding?

A

Maximum

107
Q

The AWS requires that all welding inspectors have at least what vision?

A

20/40 with or without correction

108
Q

When a defect is found and a repair is necessary, who should the inspector give his report to?

A

The welding foreman or supervisor

109
Q

In general, low-hydrogen electrodes may only be out of the oven for how long?

A

4 hours

110
Q

Codes, standards, specifications and recommended practices may all contain what?

A

Job requirements

111
Q

Which document is legally binding?

A

A code

112
Q

When a welder is consistently making welds that are marginally acceptable, when should you speak to the welder about the problem?

A

Never

113
Q

Can hydrogen cause lamellar tears?

A

No

Welding Inspection Basics (9 decks)

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