Vision System

Question 1

Anatomy of the eye:
What part of the eye allows light to enter so it can reach the retina, its known as an “opening”

Answer 1

Pupil
(It appears dark because of the light-absorbing pigments in the retina

Question 2

Anatomy of the eye:
What is the white part of the eye referred to?

Answer 2

Sclera

Question 3

Anatomy of the eye:
What part of the eye gives color to the eye?

Answer 3

The Iris
(the iris has two muscles that can vary the size of the pupil)

Question 4

Anatomy of the eye:
What part of the eye is a glassy transparent external surface that covers the pupil and iris?

Answer 4

The cornea

Question 5

Anatomy of the eye:
What part of the eye is a bundle of axons from the retina that reaches the base of the brain?

Answer 5

Optic nerve

Question 6

Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation: What is the number of waves per second?

Answer 6

Frequency

Question 7

Properties of light: What is the difference between wave trough and peak?

Answer 7

Amplitude

Question 8

Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation: What is the difference between wave trough and peak?

Answer 8

Amplitude

Question 9

Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation: What is the distance between successive peaks or troughs?

Answer 9

Wavelength

Question 10

Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation: The number of waves per second is known as _____

Answer 10

Frequency

Question 11

Properties of Light: A “hot” color like red or orange consists of light with longer wavelength and less _____

Answer 11

energy

Question 12

Properties of light: “Cool” colors like blue or violet has shorter _______ and more energy

Answer 12

Wavelength

Question 13

Optics: The bouncing of light rays off a surface is known as ________?

Answer 13

Reflection

Question 14

Optics: What is the transfer of light energy to a particle or surface?

Answer 14

Absorption

Question 15

Optics: What is the bending of light rays that can occur when they travel from one transparent medium to another?
Example: If you dangle your leg into a swimming pool, the odd way way the leg appears to bend at the surface is a result of this interaction between light and environment

Answer 15

Refraction

Question 16

Anatomy of the eye:
The sclera has three pairs of _______________

Answer 16

extraocular muscles

Question 17

Anatomy of the eye:
The sclera has three pairs of these fibers that are s responsible for the movement of the eyeball in the eye’s socket, What are these fibers called?

Answer 17

Extraocular muscles

Question 18

Anatomy of the eye: What part of the eye is a membrane that folds back from the inside of the eyelids and attaches to the sclera?

Answer 18

Conjunctiva

Question 19

What are the steps in which refraction of light enters by the cornea?

three steps

Answer 19

1. Eye collects light
2. Focuses pn the retina
3. Forms Image

Question 20

Definition:

Changing shapes of lens allows extra focusing power of lens

Answer 20

Accomidation by the lens

Question 21

Definition:

The amount of space viewed by the retina when the eye is fixated straight ahead is known as ?

Answer 21

Visual field

Question 22

Definition:

The ability to distinguish two nearby points is known as ?

Answer 22

Visual Acuity

Question 23

Definition:

Distances across the retina described in degrees refers to?

Answer 23

Visual Angle

Question 24

Laminar Organization of Retina:

describes the process as inside- out to how light reaches the retina?

three steps

Answer 24

1. Passes through Ganglion Cells
2. Bi-polar Cells
3. Final destination reaches Photoreceotors

Question 25

Retinal Processing:

What cell can fire an action potential?
A.Bi-polar Cells
B.Ganglion Cells
C. Photorecptors

Answer 25

B. Ganglion Cells

only ganglion cells can fire an action potential

Question 26

Retinal Processing:

What two cells influence retinal processing ?

Answer 26

1. Horizontal Cells
2. Amacrine Cells

Question 27

Photoreceptor structure:

What does a photoreceptor do?

Answer 27

It converts eectromagnetic radition so light into neural signals

Question 28

Photoreceptor structure:

What are the two kinds of photorecptors?

Answer 28

1.Rods
2.Cones

Question 29

Photoreceptor Structure:

What are rods and cones referred as?

Answer 29

Duplex Retina

Question 30

Light Adaptation:

After hyperpolarization during light exposure after being in the dark what is the role of Ca2+?

Answer 30

Ca2+ flows through cGMP in the Dark with Na+ and inhibits guanyly cyclase

Question 31

What are the two kinds of bipolar cells?

Answer 31

1.On cell
2.Off Cell

Question 32

Where does an action potential fire in the retina?

Answer 32

At the ganglion cell

Question 33

Retinofugal Pathway:

What part of the brainhelps with biological rythyms, including skeep and wakefulness?

Answer 33

Hypothalamus

Question 34

Retinofugal Pathway:

What part of the optic tracy helps orients the eyes in response to new stimuli (about 10% if the retinal ganglion cells project here)?

Answer 34

Superior colliculus (midbrain)

Question 35

Magnocellular LGN neurons are found in what layter of V1?

Answer 35

Layer lVC (alpha)

Question 36

Parvocellular LGN neurons are found in what layter of V1?

Answer 36

Layer IVC (beta)

Question 37

Koniocellular LGN neurons are found in what layter of V1?

Answer 37

Layers II & III