Vision System Flashcards
Anatomy of the eye:
What part of the eye allows light to enter so it can reach the retina, its known as an “opening”
Pupil
(It appears dark because of the light-absorbing pigments in the retina
Anatomy of the eye:
What is the white part of the eye referred to?
Sclera
Anatomy of the eye:
What part of the eye gives color to the eye?
The Iris
(the iris has two muscles that can vary the size of the pupil)
Anatomy of the eye:
What part of the eye is a glassy transparent external surface that covers the pupil and iris?
The cornea
Anatomy of the eye:
What part of the eye is a bundle of axons from the retina that reaches the base of the brain?
Optic nerve
Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation: What is the number of waves per second?
Frequency
Properties of light: What is the difference between wave trough and peak?
Amplitude
Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation: What is the difference between wave trough and peak?
Amplitude
Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation: What is the distance between successive peaks or troughs?
Wavelength
Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation: The number of waves per second is known as _____
Frequency
Properties of Light: A “hot” color like red or orange consists of light with longer wavelength and less _____
energy
Properties of light: “Cool” colors like blue or violet has shorter _______ and more energy
Wavelength
Optics: The bouncing of light rays off a surface is known as ________?
Reflection
Optics: What is the transfer of light energy to a particle or surface?
Absorption
Optics: What is the bending of light rays that can occur when they travel from one transparent medium to another?
Example: If you dangle your leg into a swimming pool, the odd way way the leg appears to bend at the surface is a result of this interaction between light and environment
Refraction
Anatomy of the eye:
The sclera has three pairs of _______________
extraocular muscles
Anatomy of the eye:
The sclera has three pairs of these fibers that are s responsible for the movement of the eyeball in the eye’s socket, What are these fibers called?
Extraocular muscles
Anatomy of the eye: What part of the eye is a membrane that folds back from the inside of the eyelids and attaches to the sclera?
Conjunctiva
What are the steps in which refraction of light enters by the cornea?
three steps
- Eye collects light
- Focuses pn the retina
- Forms Image
Definition:
Changing shapes of lens allows extra focusing power of lens
Accomidation by the lens
Definition:
The amount of space viewed by the retina when the eye is fixated straight ahead is known as ?
Visual field
Definition:
The ability to distinguish two nearby points is known as ?
Visual Acuity
Definition:
Distances across the retina described in degrees refers to?
Visual Angle
Laminar Organization of Retina:
describes the process as inside- out to how light reaches the retina?
three steps
- Passes through Ganglion Cells
- Bi-polar Cells
- Final destination reaches Photoreceotors
Retinal Processing:
What cell can fire an action potential?
A.Bi-polar Cells
B.Ganglion Cells
C. Photorecptors
B. Ganglion Cells
only ganglion cells can fire an action potential
Retinal Processing:
What two cells influence retinal processing ?
- Horizontal Cells
- Amacrine Cells
Photoreceptor structure:
What does a photoreceptor do?
It converts eectromagnetic radition so light into neural signals
Photoreceptor structure:
What are the two kinds of photorecptors?
1.Rods
2.Cones
Photoreceptor Structure:
What are rods and cones referred as?
Duplex Retina
Light Adaptation:
After hyperpolarization during light exposure after being in the dark what is the role of Ca2+?
Ca2+ flows through cGMP in the Dark with Na+ and inhibits guanyly cyclase
What are the two kinds of bipolar cells?
1.On cell
2.Off Cell
Where does an action potential fire in the retina?
At the ganglion cell
Retinofugal Pathway:
What part of the brainhelps with biological rythyms, including skeep and wakefulness?
Hypothalamus
Retinofugal Pathway:
What part of the optic tracy helps orients the eyes in response to new stimuli (about 10% if the retinal ganglion cells project here)?
Superior colliculus (midbrain)
Magnocellular LGN neurons are found in what layter of V1?
Layer lVC (alpha)
Parvocellular LGN neurons are found in what layter of V1?
Layer IVC (beta)
Koniocellular LGN neurons are found in what layter of V1?
Layers II & III
